Research Articles (School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA))

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/2506

The SPMA is well-placed within the Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences to expose students to a multi-disciplinary education.This allows for cross fertilization between fields and the holistic development of our graduates. Domestic and global challenges require that professionals and experts be multi-disciplinary in approach and that they be multi-skilled. Students and scholars of this field of study are experiencing a greater understanding of how international public officials institutions function. Students are now exposed to the possibility of seeking employment opportunities in international organisations like the United Nations, Organisation of African Unity, Commonwealth Secretariat, the World Bank, etc. SPMA commits itself to providing students and its teaching staff the privilege to acquire the knowledge and expertise appropriate for international management and administration.

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An examination of the perception of variations in the adoption of the national framework for municipal indigent policies
(EnPress Publisher, 2024-11-25) Kuhlengisa, Impi Rungano; Masiya, Tyanai; Lubinga, Stellah N.; Maramura, Tafadzwa Clementine
PURPOSE : This study examined the variations in the adoption of the National Framework for Municipal Indigent Policies in different municipal categories across South Africa. The goal was to contribute towards the strengthening of the adoption of the National framework for municipal indigent across municipalities to ensure improved access to free basic services at the municipal level. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH : This study used a qualitative research approach and descriptive multiple case study design. Using a representative sample of 21 participants, data was collected through structured interviews and analysed using deductive thematic analysis. FINDINGS : The study revealed significant variations in how the NFMIP is adopted and implemented in different municipal categories. These variations aligned to the following aspects: revenue management, indigent targeting options, indigent service levels, the financial framework, the indigent validity period, and qualification criteria. ORIGINALITY/VALUE : This study’s originality lies within its comprehensive approach to revising municipal indigent policies. The value of this study is underscored by creating an alternative framework reinforced by creating a more inclusive and equitable social welfare system directly benefiting indigent communities.
The journal and the quest for epistemic justice
(Wiley, 2024-10) Dadze-Arthur, Abena; Mangai, Mary S.; mary.mangai@up.ac.za
Recognising the growing interconnectivity of academic publishing with larger socio-political shifts, this article charts the increasing momentum behind the push for greater epistemic diversity in academic journals. Our systematic review of PAD's publications from 1947 to May 2023 in Atlas.ti seeks to illuminate the operational factors steering the discourse. Using a structured approach, which is rooted in six constitutive varieties of epistemic justice, to guide a Foucauldian discourse analysis, the review gauges epistemic inclusivity in academic works. The results highlight the significance of decolonising knowledge, which is undergirded by pillars like hermeneutic and testimonial justice, the epistemic justice of interpretive burden, and metalinguistic awareness. Notably, the emphasis on citational justice emerges in the findings as an essential facet of testimonial justice.
Ethical leadership in promoting efficient service delivery : evidence from eThekwini Municipality, KwaZulu-Natal
(South African Association for Public Administration and Management, 2024-09) Mpontshane, Lindiswa; Holtzhausen, Natasja
This paper investigates ethical leadership in promoting efficient service delivery in the eThekwini Municipality situated in the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa. eThekwini is one of the 11 districts of KwaZulu-Natal, and is a metropolitan municipality established in 2000. Ethical leadership is viewed as central to effective service delivery by public institutions, a role that is described as acting in the citizens' interest at all times, and it is against this backdrop that this research paper aims at examining and understanding ethical leadership in promoting efficient service delivery using the case of eThekwini Municipality. A qualitative research approach, using semistructured interviews with employees in the Finance Department and Supply Chain Department in eThekwini Municipality is undertaken, with thematic analysis used to analyse data. The study findings revealed that the issue of political influence was considered to be the most prevalent ethical challenge in the Municipality. The study also found that there is a strong connection between ethical leadership and service delivery. The study concludes that unethical leadership practices have glaring implications for service delivery. Subsequently, the study provides feasible recommendations, which may be applied in the public sector to institutionalise ethical leadership and consequently improve service delivery.
Employment services South Africa usage : perspectives from jobseekers and employees
(Institute of Industry and Academic Research Incorporated, 2024-12) Gumede, Akhonamaqwabe; Lubinga, Stellah N.; Masiya, Tyanai; Tshiyoyo, Mudikolele Michel; u21773689@tuks.co.za
This paper examines the perspectives of the Department of Employment and Labour employees and jobseekers on the usage of the Employment Services South Africa (ESSA) system. The system's primary aim is to place unemployed South Africans in available job opportunities by facilitating information sharing between employers and jobseekers based on the jobseekers’ qualifications and experience. Data was collected from 34 respondents, including employees of the Department of Employment and Labour and jobseekers, through qualitative interviews. The findings revealed that many unemployed jobseekers did not effectively use the ESSA system. While the ESSA system is valued by the Department of Employment and Labour employees, its adoption, perceived usefulness, accuracy, and effectiveness among jobseekers are lacking. The system still struggles with low visibility, a lack of awareness, and trust among jobseekers, who often look elsewhere for effective recruitment.
Implementation of internal controls in supply chain management : a case study
(AOSIS, 2024-11) Klein, Yolandy; Lubinga, Stellah N.; Masiya, Tyanai; tyanai.masiya@up.ac.za
BACKGROUND: Internal controls in the supply chain management (SCM) are very important as they are the checks and balances that ensure compliance with rules and regulations. Internal controls further promote compliance, increase transparency and accountability and reduce the risk of fraudulent transactions. OBJECTIVES: The study examined the factors influencing internal controls within the SCM function in the Department of Social Development (DSD), South Africa. METHOD: Using a qualitative research approach and a case study design, data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Thematic analyses were used to interpret the findings. RESULTS: The study’s findings established that there are challenges affecting the effectiveness of internal controls in the SCM function, namely, poor policy implementation, outdated SCM policy, a lack of training on policies and procedures, inadequate monitoring and evaluation of SCM, non-compliance with SCM rules and regulations, capacity constraints in the SCM directorate and a lack of consequence management. CONCLUSION: Effective internal controls are crucial for organisations to compete successfully in the supply chain environment. In this regard, there must be adherence to financial management processes and procedures that guide and serve as internal controls. CONTRIBUTION: The study contributes towards the strengthening of internal controls in the DSD by paying particular attention to the five essential components of the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) framework.
Language, culture, and development : a case of African languages in South African universities
(Adonis and Abbey, 2024-12) Mthombeni, Zama M.; zama.mthombeni@up.ac.za
This paper highlighted the importance of language in education and its role in development. It drew on data from the author's thesis to examine a South African higher education institution that integrated an African language alongside English for teaching and learning. Despite African languages’ potential to offer solutions to development challenges, they have often been overlooked. Scholars such as Bamgbose (2014), Batibo (2005), and Bodomo (1996) have advocated the empowerment of African languages in all domains, arguing that language and development are closely linked. This paper argued that development should not be measured solely in economic terms, but should also encompass socio-cultural aspects. It adopted the African Renaissance as a conceptual framework, emphasising the socio-cultural aspect of development in which language plays a central role. Methodologically, the study employed qualitative case analysis to explore the integration of African languages in higher education. The paper concluded by recommending greater consideration of African languages in all aspects of African life, including regional and continental organisations, as linguistic impediments hinder meaningful development.
Revealing factors influencing digital transformation in South Africa's social security organisations
(Wiley, 2025-02) Frota, Luis; Chitiga-Mabugu, Margaret; Mazenda, Adrino; adrino.mazenda@up.ac.za
The study analyses factors influencing digital transformation in South Africa's national social security organisations. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 purposefully selected respondents and analysed using thematic analysis. The study found seven factors influencing digital transformation in South Africa's national social security organisations: Legal authority, Policy autonomy, Human resources, Finance, digital data collection and use, digital infrastructure and applications and digital skills and collaborative work. The study's findings showed that digitalisation per se does not lead to a better balance between policy alignment and organisational autonomy. On the contrary, the unprecedented access to ubiquitous data and massive processing capacity can heighten the tendencies of rigid systems for greater hierarchical control and lead to a future where decision-making is further centralised, data are inaccessible, the staff is disempowered and innovation is stifled. However, the study also highlights a potential solution—the need for hierarchical leaders to transition into collaborative workspace enablers who enhance the agencies' operational capabilities. This shift in leadership style can inspire innovation and empower staff, thereby mitigating the negative effects of digitalisation.
The efficiency of the use of information communication technology in public-private partnerships within the Department of Employment and Labour
(Association of Teachers in Public Administration, 2024-03) Nkga, Reginah M.; Tshiyoyo, Mudikolele Michel; michel.tshiyoyo@up.ac.za
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) play a significant role of enabling governmental institutions to plan, finance and implement infrastructure programmes in an efficient and effective manner. PPPs that are successfully implemented present opportunities to countries so that they can boost their economies throughout the stimulation of socio-economic development. Although PPP projects have been successful in some countries, their implementation in some other countries is confronted by numerous challenges ranging from cost overruns, corruption, poor management, political influence, lack of institutional support and project delays. This article aims to determine the extent to which the partnership between the Department of Employment and Labour and a private entity has been efficient for the implementation of the information communication technology (ICT) project called Information Communication Technology-Public-Private Partnership (ICT-PPP). Based on the analysis of the available information, the findings reveal that the implementation of the ICT-PPP was partially efficient in the Department due to a number of factors. There was a noticeable poor abidance to the legislations guiding public procurement and above all, the implementation of this project did not result in the transfer of ICT skills from Siemens/EOH to the Department as expected. The article concludes by suggesting for such a project to succeed, both partners need to comply with the legislative frameworks and governance pillars which are the backbone of effective and efficient implementation of PPPs in South Africa.
Navigating management challenges of postgraduate funding perspectives of NRF-TWAS doctoral programme managers in South Africa
(Association of Teachers in Public Administration, 2024-12) Phaahla, Lehlogonolo A.; Lubinga, Stellah N.; Masiya, Tyanai; Stellah.luninga@up.ac.za
This article explores the complexities of managing postgraduate funding in the context of the National Research Foundation and The World Academy of Sciences (NRF-TWAS) funded doctoral programme in South Africa. The programme was created to foster scientific research excellence in developing nations, especially in Africa, by facilitating the exchange of expertise across borders. The article employed a qualitative methodology and drew on interviews with four designated authorities stationed at public universities in South Africa. It uncovered several fundamental management challenges: poor marketing strategies, insufficient scholarship options, time-consuming documentation processes, and a lack of efficient monitoring and evaluation systems. To enhance the efficacy of such funding initiatives, the article recommends adopting stricter rules and effective monitoring systems to increase the effectiveness of funding projects. It also highlights the significance of using current networks and partnerships to increase the programme’s reach. Furthermore, it suggests augmenting the financial support offered to encompass the full cost of study for students and simplifying convoluted bureaucratic procedures that impede the application process.
Enhancing economic growth and addressing unemployment through provincial sector skills plans : the case of the Northern Cape Province, South Africa
(Association of Teachers in Public Administration, 2024-09) Fourie, D.J. (David Johannes); Van der Waldt, Gerrit; Govender, D.; Mazenda, Adrino; Masiya, Tyanai; Prof.DJFourie@up.ac.za
Against the backdrop of global labour trends and escalating rates of unemployment, public institutions in South Africa are increasingly pressured to develop innovative strategies for economic growth while prioritising job creation. In this regard the White Paper on Post-School Education and Training (2013) accentuates the role of education and skills development as a contributor to socio-economic development. In response, provincial governments are required to design comprehensive provincial sector skills plans (PSSPs). The successful design of these plans is dependent on extensive consultations and joint planning between key stakeholders to unlock the province’s economic potential and to empower its workforce. Following a qualitative case study design, this article examines the critical role of skills development initiatives in driving economic growth and reducing unemployment with specific reference to the PSSP of the Northern Cape (NC) Province of South Africa. By utilising document analysis and participant observation as data collection methods it explores the significance, approach and design of the province’s PSSP and aims to extract key lessons to be learned from the compilation thereof. Data extracted for this purpose includes statistics from the 2022–2023 NC Provincial Workplace Skills Plan, Annual Training Reports, Statistics SA, Budget Reviews and Estimates of National Expenditure of National Treasury, and the Public Service Sector Education and Training Authority (PSETA). The findings underscore the importance of coordinated efforts in aligning skills development initiatives with broader socio-economic agendas, ultimately contributing to a more resilient, inclusive and prosperous society in the NC Province and beyond.
Conducting tracer studies to assess work-integrated learning programs
(Virtus Interpress, 2024) Van der Waldt, Gerrit; Fourie, D.J. (David Johannes); Malan, Cornel
Tracer studies are research investigations that are designed to track the outcomes and experiences of participants in learning programs. In the case of work-integrated learning (WIL) programmes, tracer studies can be used to probe the perception of learners who have completed the programs (Dela Cruz, 2022; Winborg & Hägg, 2023). Following a qualitative research design using a questionnaire as a data collection method, a cohort of learners (n = 179) who have completed Energy and Water Sector Education and Training Authority (EWSETA) WIL programmes were used to gauge the perceived strengths and weaknesses of these programs, including the skills and knowledge they gained, the quality of the training, and the overall impact of the programs on their career development. It was established that WIL programmes generally lead to benefits such as increased employability, gaining of work-related skills, greater job retention, career advancement, continuous learning, and improved self-esteem. WIL programs are, however, hampered by employer-related factors such as limited mentorship and career guidance, financial limitations, and poor working conditions.
A co-production model for the South African housing sector
(AOSIS, 2024-04) Maila, Hlengiwe Precious; Malan, L.; Mazenda, Adrino; lianne.malan@up.ac.za
BACKGROUND: The public housing delivery practices in South Africa are fragmented, resulting in various outcomes concerning housing delivery. There is a pressing need to overhaul public housing delivery that puts citizens at the core of the delivery process. AIM: The current state-led model of delivering housing is not effective and by design, the model for housing delivery should include the participation of beneficiaries. The aim was to develop a co-production model for housing delivery. SETTING: The article focused on the housing sector in South Africa. METHODS: A qualitative research approach and grounded theory as research design was used. Instruments were document analysis and semi-structured interviews with participants who are stakeholders in housing co-production. Data collected was analysed through inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS: The results suggested a self-reliant approach to housing delivery, which is demand driven with the state as a facilitator and not the provider of housing. The model for housing should have a component that does not perpetuate a culture of dependency and entitlement but promotes the concept of co-production. CONCLUSION: The article explored the possibility of introducing a co-production model for housing delivery model in South Africa. It was established that the role of government must shift to that of an enabler and facilitator instead of a provider of housing. CONTRIBUTION: This proposed model contributes towards the body of knowledge in terms of promoting public service delivery and performance (in this instance in the housing sector) in South Africa as a country situated in Africa.
Decolonial dilemmas : balancing global recognition and local impact in South African research
(Discover, 2024) Mthombeni, Zama M.
The pursuit of decolonial scholarship in academia can be impacted by the pressure to attain international recognition as a requirement for academic promotion. Academic promotion for scholars is often linked to publishing in high-impact journals, which frequently lack African representation. This paper critically examines the internationally benchmarked system of evaluating and rating researchers employed by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa, focusing on the concept of Considerable International Recognition (CIR) and its ramifications for decolonial scholarship. Utilizing Qualitative Document Analysis (QDA) this study investigated how the definitions and criteria related to CIR in documents provided by the NRF of South Africa influences researchers to prioritize international scholarly activities over locally relevant work. This analysis also seeks to uncover the implications of this prioritization for decolonial work within the South African research landscape. Findings indicate that NRF ratings heavily prioritize international recognition, often overlooking locally impactful research, which can limit support for decolonial scholarship. Recommendations call for expanded criteria that include local relevance, enabling researchers to be rated for contributions grounded in locally relevant work.
Advocacy coalitions and the co-production of anti-corruption policy in Botswana : a discourse network analysis
(Wiley, 2025) Omotoye, A.M.T. (Abiodun Marumo Tito); Holtzhausen, Natasja
The advocacy coalition framework (ACF) has provided a sound theoretical lens to better understand dynamic and complex policy issues for over three decades. Yet, its application in non-Western contexts remains scant. This article focuses on two critical variables of the ACF—advocacy coalitions and policy core beliefs—to analyze the patterns of interaction that occurred between anti-corruption policy actors in the passage leading to the development of one of Botswana's most recent anti-corruption laws—the Declaration of Assets and Liabilities Act (DALA). The study relied on secondary data (policy statements and positions [n = 368]) retrieved from various sources such as parliamentary transcripts (Hansard) and mainstream media (n = 149). The results of the discourse network analysis revealed several types of coalitions that emerged in the DALA policy sub-system. In addition to highlighting the significance of collaborative efforts and the exchange of ideas between different policy actors, the study contributes to the ACF literature by unpacking the role of advocacy coalitions in an understudied and underrepresented context.
Integration of digital technologies in anti-corruption initiatives in Botswana : lessons from Georgia, Ukraine and South Africa
(Emerald, 2025-01) Omotoye, Abiodun Marumo Tito; Holtzhausen, Natasja
PURPOSE : This paper aims to explore the potential role of digitalization in reshaping Botswana's assets and liabilities declaration system. Digitalization presents opportunities to not only improve efficiencies in how services are delivered and citizens are engaged but also to integrate innovative ways to combat wicked problems such as illicit enrichment and conflicts of interest in the public service. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH : This qualitative paper adopts an exploratory research design to investigate how digital technologies can be used to enhance anti-corruption reforms in a developing country context. Primary data, focusing on the shortcomings and successes of Botswana’s asset declaration system, were collected from interviews with key policy actors in Botswana’s anti-corruption landscape, whereas secondary data were drawn from documents such as official reports, news and social media reports and available literature on the topics of digitalization and anti-corruption reforms. A comparative case study approach is used, highlighting successes and challenges in the use of electronic disclosure systems in Georgia, Ukraine and South Africa. FINDINGS : The analysis provides insights into the potential benefits and challenges associated with the integration of digital technologies in the asset and liability declaration process. The integration of digital technologies in the anti-corruption efforts of Georgia, Ukraine and South Africa has contributed to the development of robust electronic declaration systems. However, political resistance, costs, technical capacity and verification processes are identified as some of the core challenges confronting agencies tasked with implementing asset declaration systems. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS : The political and socio-economic contexts in the country case studies presented are distinct, as are the challenges posed by corruption. Although Botswana can gain insights from the implementation experiences of Georgia, Ukraine and South Africa, policymakers and implementers need to take into account these subtleties and their potential influence on the success or failure of a similar system. The research has implications for policy and practice by proposing an alternative approach to the implementation of Botswana’s asset declaration system. This will be of interest to policymakers, anti-corruption activists and scholars. ORIGINALITY/VALUE : To the best of the authors’ knowledge, prior research has not studied the relationship between digitalization and anti-corruption reforms in Botswana. This paper contributes to the dearth of knowledge regarding the role of digitalization as a driver of anti-corruption reforms. The paper informs policy decisions related to the implementation of digital transformation initiatives in line with Botswana’s anti-corruption and digital transformation agendas.
Healthcare access and deprivation in low-income urban households
(Springer, 2024-10) Mazenda, Adrino; Lubinga, Moses Herbert; adrino.mazenda@up.ac.za
The financial situation of households is related to their access to healthcare and their level of deprivation. This study analysed the factors that influence access to healthcare among low-income households in Gauteng, South Africa. A quantitative cross-sectional design was adopted using the binary logistic regression technique, drawing on the Gauteng City-Region Observatory Quality of Life 2020/2021 data, consisting of 9700 observations randomly drawn from eight municipalities. Based on marginal effects, the study findings revealed that seven factors significantly influenced access to healthcare. That is, healthcare source, nonuse of public facilities, proximity to a healthcare facility, satisfaction with healthcare services, medical aid, health status, health work, social health activities, and chronic illness. More effort is needed to harness Gauteng’s economic progress towards alleviating poverty and increasing opportunities to lift low-income households out of the poverty trap. Investment in an advanced public health care system, public–private sector coordination, improved health budget allocation, and doctor-patient ratio will reduce the out-of-pocket costs of poor households.
On contradiction et al. : overcoming the crisis of government in South Africa
(South African Association for Public Administration and Management, 2024-03) Chipkin, Ivor
This article describes five weaknesses in the organisation of government that taken together are responsible for what it calls the crisis of government. It then discusses a package of legislative and policy reforms that are underway, including the Public Service Amendment Bill (Republic of South Africa, 2023), the Public Administration Management Amendment Bill (Republic of South Africa, 2023), the Public Service Commission Amendment Act 10 (Republic of South Africa, 2019) and the Public Administration Laws General Amendment Bill (Republic of South Africa, 2021). Do they go some way to resolve the fundamental problems of public administration in South Africa? We argue that these problems also need to be considered through institutionalising public administrations by dealing with contradiction, confusion, capability, centralisation and corruption – the five Cs of the crisis in government.
Empirical analysis of the effect of institutional governance indicators on climate financing
(MDPI, 2024-02) Lubinga, Moses Herbert; Mazenda, Adrino; adrino.mazenda@up.ac.za
Sustainable Development Goal 13 echoes the fact that all countries must make urgent and stringent efforts to mitigate against and adapt to climate change and its associated impacts. Climate financing is one of the key mechanisms used to enable countries to remain resilient to the hastening effects of climate change. In this paper, we empirically assess the effect of institutional governance indicators on the amount of climate finance received by 21 nations for which progress towards the internationally agreed-upon target of reducing global warming to 1.5 °C is tracked. We use the fixed-effects ordinary least squares (OLS) and the feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) estimators, drawing on the Climate Action Tracker panel data from 2002 to 2020. Empirical results reveal that perceived political stability significantly enhanced climate finance inflows among countries that strongly increased their NDC targets, while perceived deterioration in corruption control negatively impacted the amount of climate finance received by the same group of countries. Therefore, governments should reduce corruption tendencies while striving to avoid practices and alliances that lead to any form of violence, including terrorism and civil war. Low developing countries (LDCs) in particular need to improve the standard of public services provided to the populace while maintaining a respectable level of autonomy from political influences. Above all, as countries work towards strengthening institutional governance, there is an urgent need for developed economies to assist developing economies in overcoming debt stress since the likelihood of future resilience and prosperity is being undermined by the debt crisis, with developing countries spending almost five times as much annually on repayment of debt as they allocate to climate adaptation.
Overcoming the crisis of government
(South African Association for Public Administration and Management, 2023-12) Chipkin, Ivor
This article describes five weaknesses in the organisation of government that taken together are responsible for what it calls the crisis of government. It then discusses a package of legislative and policy reforms that are underway, including the Public Service Amendment Bill (Republic of South Africa, 2023), the Public Administration Management Amendment Bill (Republic of South Africa, 2023), the Public Service Commission Amendment Act 10 (Republic of South Africa, 2019) and the Public Administration Laws General Amendment Bill (Republic of South Africa, 2021). Do they go some way to resolve the fundamental problems of public administration in South Africa? We argue that these problems also need to be considered through institutionalising public administrations by dealing with contradiction, confusion, capability, centralisation and corruption – the five Cs of the crisis in government.
Hybrid governance and intersectional discrimination : an examination of women's experiences in South Africa
(Wiley, 2024) Van Dijk, Hilligje Gerritdina; Mangai, Mary S.; mary.mangai@up.ac.za
This research investigates the lived experiences of women in South Africa, focusing on the concept of hybrid governance and intersectional discrimination. Hybrid governance denotes a blend of modern and traditional governance structures that coexist in many post-colonial societies, including South Africa. Intersectional discrimination recognises that individuals face layers of discrimination simultaneously influenced by intersecting identities like race, gender, class, and ethnicity. This study utilised quantitative analysis and desktop research methods. The researchers employed theoretical and operational parameters to conduct a logistic regression analysis using data from the 2018/2019 Governance, Public Safety and Justice Survey (GPSJS) conducted by Statistics South Africa. The analysis aims to investigate how hybrid governance structures impact women's lives and the interconnectedness among forms of discrimination they encounter. The results shed light on the power dynamics, representation challenges, and discriminatory practices within the realm of hybrid governance. Women's experiences showcase how patriarchal norms, racial disparities, and socio-economic factors intersect to heighten discrimination levels and constrain women's autonomy. Additionally, the study emphasises the significance of recognising and addressing intersectionality as a framework for comprehending and responding to the multi-faceted challenges faced by women in South Africa. POINTS FOR PRACTITIONERS : Practitioners should appreciate the cultural diversity in South Africa and respect the varying customs and practices that come with hybrid governance. They should understand that traditional governance structures can coexist with modern ones, but also ensure that these structures do not perpetuate discriminatory practices. Practitioners should understand that individuals may face multiple, intersecting forms of discrimination. They should therefore approach work with an intersectional lens, taking into account the ways in which factors like race, gender, and tribal affiliation can compound discrimination. Practitioners should encourage dialogue about discrimination within the communities in which they work. They should raise awareness about what constitutes discrimination and how individuals can report it. Practitioners should utilise available data to inform their work. They should regularly review and analyse data on discrimination to identify trends and patterns, and to inform strategies and interventions.

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