The central noradrenergic system : an overview

Abstract

The central noradrenergic system belongs to a group of brainstem neuromodulatory systems previously referred to as the ascending reticular activating system. In this article a heuristic model is presented of the central noradrenergic system depicting the major projections to other cerebral areas, its interactions with other neuromodulatory systems, mechanisms through which it can influence cerebral function, as well as the major functions and disorders associated with alterations in central noradrenergic activity. It is not the aim of this paper to provide fine detail on the various aspects, but rather to provide a concise overview where structure and function, as well as the interactions with other systems are brought together. The contents of the paper are summarized in a diagram.