Research Articles (Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering)

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/1705

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 738

A numerical approach to model and analyse geometric characteristics of a grey-headed albatross aerofoil in flight
(IOP Publishing, 2025-03) Winter, Alexander Ernest; Schoombie, Janine; Smith, Lelanie
Please read abstract in the article.
Augmentation of heat transfer in a microtube and a wavy microchannel using hybrid nanofluid : a numerical investigation
(Wiley, 2025) Singh, Shikhar Kumar; Bhattacharyya, Suvanjan; Paul, Akshoy Ranjan; Sharifpur, Mohsen; Meyer, Josua P.; mohsen.sharifpur@up.ac.za
Please read abstract in the article.
Influence of tibial plateau angle in cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle on patellar ligament strain : an ex vivo study
(American Veterinary Medical Association, 2025-02) Bester, Elizabeth G.; Zeiler, Gareth Edward; Stoltz, George G.; Oberholster, Abraham Johannes (Abrie); Kitshoff, Adriaan Mynhardt; elge.bester@up.ac.za
OBJECTIVE : The aim was to investigate the patellar ligament strain with varying degrees of tibial plateau angles (TPAs) after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) in a cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)-deficient stifle during the stance phase. METHODS : 12 pelvic cadaver limbs were secured to a custom-built jig to mimic a loadbearing stance after which an axial load of 120 N was applied. Patellar ligament strain, change in strain, and percent change in strain were calculated on pre-TPLO (intact and transected CrCL) and post-TPLO tibial TPAs of −5°, 0°, 5°, 10°, and 15°. Strain was measured using a 3-D digital image correlation to calculate Green-Lagrange strain (E33). Data were compared using a linear mixed model and applying the Dunnett method of multiple comparisons (control was pre-TPLO intact CrCL). RESULTS : The post-TPLO TPAs of 0° and 5° increased in patellar strain compared to pre-TPLO intact CrCL constructs, whereas no significant changes were seen at a TPA of −5°, 10°, and 15°. Significant changes in patellar ligament strain were noted at a TPA of 0° and 5°. The percent change in strain differed at −5°, 0°, and 5° TPAs. The median magnitude of percent change in strain was 35.1%, 37.0%, 79.0%, −7.1%, and −21.1% for −5°, 0°, 5°, 10°, and 15°, respectively. CONCLUSIONS : Significant increases in patellar ligament strain (CrCL-deficient stifle) during the stance phase were observed at TPAs of 0° and 5°. CLINICAL RELEVANCE : A TPA post-TPLO > 5° and < 15° is less likely to cause an increase in patellar ligament strain; however, further research is needed to investigate the clinical relevance of these findings.
The development of a linear cutting machine used to characterize FEM modelling parameters for cutting UG2Reef
(South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2024-11) Du Preez, Ulla; Heyns, P.S. (Philippus Stephanus); Malan, D.F. (Daniel Francois)
South Africa has two main platinum reef deposits, namely the Merensky reef and the UG2 reef. These reefs are currently mined using traditional drilling and blasting methods. Mechanized cutting could potentially enable continuous mining, which would offer significant advantages. This would require thorough understanding of the cutability of the rock. To explore this, a linear cutting machine was developed to conduct laboratory scale cutting tests. This work describes the development and commissioning of the cutting machine using sandstone, as well as subsequent characterization tests on UG2 reef samples. UG2 reef has large variability in strength on a millimeter scale. This introduces uncertainty in the test results due to added variance from one cut to the next for the same UG2 reef sample. Another problem is the variability in rock properties of the UG2 reef, when testing samples from different mines. The cutting tests led to fine fragmentation, which is known to be a significant problem for cleaning operations in underground stopes and warrants further research. A finite element method simulation of the rock cutting was conducted using ANSYS LS-DYNA and the continuous surface cap model to simulate rock cutting in the UG2 reef. It was found that it is possible to use LS-DYNA with the continuous surface cap model to model rock cutting of UG2 reef and get acceptable results, but the user must calibrate the model parameters using the experimental results. Therefore, the model is only fit for one set of cutting parameters and further work is required to generalize results.
Deploying artificial neural network to predict hybrid biodiesel fuel properties from their fatty acid compositions
(Taylor and Francis, 2024) Giwa, Solomon O.; Aasa, Samson A.; Taziwa, Raymond T.; Sharifpur, Mohsen; mohsen.sharifpur@up.ac.za
Measurement-related problems have spurred fuel properties prediction using machine learning techniques. Improved fuel properties offered by hybrid biodiesel (HB) via mixed oils were predicted from their fatty acid compositions (FACs) using artificial neural network (ANN). FACs and fuel properties of HB sourced from the literature were used to develop ANN models. FAC data were used as the input parameters to predict the fuel properties data (kinematic viscosity (KV), density, calorific value (CV), and flash point (FP)) considered as the output parameters of the models. Using the multilayer perception ANN, the models were trained using Levenberg-Marquardt back propagation learning algorithm coupled with different numbers of neurons and activation functions for the prediction of the fuel properties. The models were observed to accurately predict these fuel properties with high prediction accuracy (R2 = 1). The evaluated model performance errors were 0.1014 and 0.0504, 0.2905 and 0.4225, 0.1848, and 0.1038, and 0.4726 and 0.7833 for KV, density, CV, and FP using root mean square error and average absolute deviation respectively. Prediction performance and error estimates were slightly better than those for single feedstock biodiesel. Hence, this study shows the ability of ANN to accurately predict the fuel properties of HB from the FAs.
Nucleate pool boiling bubble dynamics for R32 and R1234yf on machined micro-structured surfaces
(Elsevier, 2024-12) Van den Bergh, Wilhelm Johann; Whiting, Mitchell; Theodorakis, O.E.; Everts, Marilize; wj.vandenbergh@up.ac.za
Efficient electronics cooling has always been a perpetual challenge, with the limits of single-phase cooling almost being reached. Two-phase cooling in the form of pool boiling is an attractive next step, with much research being devoted to it. While refrigerants operating at lower saturation temperatures are key to achieving effective cooling, surface modifications have been shown to also affect bubble dynamics and enhance nucleate pool boiling heat transfer. A simple, easy to implement fabrication method was sought, with the goal of expanding the knowledge of bubble dynamics. To this end, single bubble growth on structured surfaces that are achievable on a lathe, with an average roughness of 75 μm and differing indentation angles between 90◦ and 46◦, was studied numerically using an OpenFOAM multiphase library. Conjugate heat transfer was applied, with heat fluxes ranging between 7.6 and 28 kW/m2 for pure refrigerants R32 and R1234yf. By comparing the bubble equivalent diameter with that of a smooth surface at a fixed heat flux, it was found that the bubble growth rates of structured surfaces were largely independent of indentation angles less than 90◦, but lower than for smooth surfaces. For structured surfaces, a critical indentation angle of approximately 60◦ was identified which affected the bubble dynamics. For angles greater than the critical angle the bubble growth time was up to 150 % longer, which also resulted in larger departure diameters. However, the opposite trend was observed as the indentation angle was decreased below the critical angle. From a force analysis, it was found that the physical limitation imposed on the bubble growth was responsible for the critical indentation angle behaviour, with the most acute angle of 46◦ showing the shortest departure time. Furthermore, the bubble growth from a single cavity corresponded better with the trends of a smooth surface than a structured surface with comparable indentation angles. On a structured surface, once the bubble reached the edge of the cavity, its base diameter was limited by the physical characteristics of the surface. For the single cavity surface, however, bubble growth was uninhibited beyond the cavity, mimicking a completely smooth surface. The marked difference between results of a fully structured surface and the single cavity implies that future research will have to take the structural limitations on bubble growth imposed by a roughened surface into account.
Influence of ultrasonication during soaking on water absorption and softness characteristics in the cooking process of cowpea
(Elsevier, 2025-01) Rostamirad, Sholeh; Duodu, Kwaku Gyebi; Meyer, Josua P.; Sharifpur, Mohsen; gyebi.duodu@up.ac.za
Owing to the long duration of cooking legumes, which limits their consumption and utilization, soaking has been used to reduce cooking time, save energy consumption, and diminish their hardness. However, limited studies have reported the influence of cooking and soaking treatment along with ultrasonication on hydration, hardness, and cooking time reduction of legumes. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of cooking and soaking treatments on Dr. Saunder cowpea’s water absorption, hardness, and cooking time reduction with and without ultrasonication. Samples of Dr. Saunder’s cowpea were first soaked at 30 °C and 50 °C for 15 – 90 min (with and without ultrasonication), after which they were cooked at 100 °C and 121 °C for 15 – 120 min. The absorbed water and hardness of the tested samples under these treatments were measured. Hydration and softening behaviors were modeled from the obtained data using Ibarz-Augusto and first-order equations, respectively. Arrhenius equation was used to describe the kinetics of the hydration and softening process. Results showed that ultrasonic treatments accelerated water absorption and reduced the hardness of the samples; consequently, in a shorter time, using less energy will receive the desired hardness as the final product. The Ibartz-Augusto and first-order equations perfectively fit the sigmoidal and decaying exponential behavior of the absorbed water and hardness data with high prediction performance (R2 ≈ 1) marked by minimal error values. The deployment of ultrasonication and increased cooking temperature were observed to reduce the kinetic parameter (water absorption) and elevate the softening rates and activation energy (for hydration and softening). A synergy of the trio treatments reduced the total cooking duration from 120 min to 90 min (25 %), thus promoting the benefit of deploying ultrasonication to soften cowpeas and other seeds rapidly.
The influence of applying turbine inlet air cooling to a small-scale parallel-flow Brayton cycle
(Elsevier, 2025-02) Cockcroft, C.C.; Le Roux, Willem Gabriel; willem.leroux@up.ac.za
To improve an open air-operated parallel-flow Brayton cycle, the air entering the compressor inlet can be cooled via the concept of turbine inlet air cooling (TIAC). This work investigates whether TIAC forms a worthwhile improvement to the power output and thermal efficiency of a parallel-flow Brayton cycle. An analytical approach is followed to compare the results between a low-temperature turbine (LTT) setup and a similar setup with an added cooling loop for the TIAC concept, considering different crossflow condenser dimensions. A range of commercial turbochargers are used to model the compressor and turbines and the best turbocharger combinations are considered for further analysis. Considering the same pressure ratio, the TIAC cycle does not offer better power output nor thermal efficiency than the LTT cycle, however, it is able to lower the required gasifier turbine inlet temperature (which may not exceed 1200 K due to turbomachinery manufacturer limits). When comparing the LTT and TIAC cycles at their optimum operating points, which shifts to a higher compressor pressure ratio for the TIAC cycle due to a larger TIAC compatibility range, the TIAC layout obtains 64.9 % more power output and a 31.4 % improvement in thermal efficiency for the combination between the G25-550 (AR = 0.92) main shaft turbocharger and the GBC14-200 power turbine. It is recommended to investigate recuperated and solar cycle configurations for further cycle thermal efficiency improvements.
Magnetohydrodynamics of nanofluid internal forced convection : a review and outlook for practical applications
(Elsevier, 2025-01) Adogbeji, Victor O.; Atofarati, Emmanuel Olawaseyi; Sharifpur, Mohsen; Meyer, Josua P.; mohsen.sharifpur@up.ac.za
Please read abstract in the article.
Nanofluids for heat transfer enhancement : a holistic analysis of research advances, technological progress and regulations for health and safety
(Taylor and Francis, 2024-12) Atofarati, Emmanuel Olawaseyi; Sharifpur, Mohsen; Huan, Zhongjie
Nanofluids have emerged as a transformative cooling solutions that offer substantial improvements in various engineering applications that require enhanced heat transfer. This review comprehensively analyses the latest research advances, technological progress, and regulatory considerations associated with nanofluids. Beginning with an overview of nanofluid properties, composition, and preparation methods, we highlight their roles in enhancing heat transfer. Detailed examinations of experimental studies and numerical simulations have revealed their effectiveness in applications such as automobile radiators, electronic cooling, turbine blade cooling, and solar PV-thermal systems. Health and safety considerations were addressed by discussing nanoparticle toxicity, biocompatibility, and environmental impacts, along with occupational health hazards and recommended safety measures. We scrutinized the regulatory landscape and identified challenges and gaps in frameworks across Africa, Asia, North America, and the European Union. A bibliographic analysis of the progress in nanofluid applications for heat transfer provides insights into the research trends, publication dynamics, and key contributors. This review concludes with future research prospects and potential applications of nanofluids, emphasizing the need for innovation and regulatory oversight. This review underscores technological and scientific advancements while stressing the importance of safety protocols and robust regulatory frameworks for sustainable nanofluid technologies.
Geometric description of a gliding grey-headed albatross (Thalassarche chrysostoma) for computer-aided design
(IOP Publishing, 2025-03) Schoombie, Janine; Craig, K.J. (Kenneth); Smith, Lelanie
Albatrosses are increasingly drawing attention from the scientific community due to their remarkable flight capabilities. Recent studies suggest that grey-headed albatrosses (GHA) may be the fastest and most energy-efficient of the albatross species, yet no attempts have been made to replicate their wing design. A key factor in aircraft design is the airfoil, which remains uncharacterized for the GHA. Other critical aspects, such as wing twist and dihedral/anhedral, also remain unquantified for any albatross species. This study aimed to fill this gap in the current knowledge by extracting detailed morphological data from a GHA wing to recreate digitally. A well-preserved dried GHA wing was scanned in the presence of airflow in a wind tunnel, at conditions that represent a GHA in gliding flight. Wing cross-sections were extracted and smoothed to produce a series of airfoils along the wing span. The 3D properties such as wing dihedral/anhedral, sweep and twist were also extracted and used to build a CAD model of the wing. Variations in airfoil shape were observed along the wing span, with thicker, more cambered airfoils near the wing base. The model wing's camber was slightly higher, particularly in the arm section, but overall matched flight photographs. The body, tail, and bill were modelled based on available photographs and known dimensions from literature and merged with the wing to form the final bill-body-wing-tail model. This model is based on real GHA morphology under aerodynamic pressure, in gliding flight. Although geometric changes due to scanner interference remain a limitation of this method, the extracted geometric data still provide valuable insights into wing performance under varying conditions. The geometry can also be fully parameterized for complex simulations, aiding studies of GHA aerodynamics and engineering design, such as in aircraft or wind turbines at similar Reynolds numbers.
Assessing the effectiveness of academic coaching interventions for student success in higher education : a systematic review
(Routledge, 2024) Campbell, Anita L.; Mogashana, Disaapele
Every student has the potential to change the world by making a significant contribution to society. Experiences in higher education significantly shape the development of this potential, for better or worse, leading to interventions to support student success. Among such interventions, academic coaching has been widely used; however, how do we know that it is effective? In this systematic literature review, we describe the characteristics of effective academic coaching interventions, including the format of coaching (individual or group coaching), coaching mode (in-person or distance via technology), coaching topics, coach background, duration, frequency. Focusing on peer-reviewed English journals between 2010 and May 2023, the study found 643 articles, 25 of which met the inclusion criteria following rigorous screening and consensus-reaching processes. Based on the findings, effective coaching interventions span at least 12 hours over 4 weeks, are preferably in-person, and are best facilitated by professional coaches.
Enhancing LS-PIE’s optimal latent dimensional identification : latent expansion and latent condensation
(MDPI, 2024-08-16) Stevens, Jesse; Wilke, Daniel Nicolas; Setshedi, I.I. (Isaac)
The Latent Space Perspicacity and Interpretation Enhancement (LS-PIE) framework enhances dimensionality reduction methods for linear latent variable models (LVMs). This paper extends LS-PIE by introducing an optimal latent discovery strategy to automate identifying optimal latent dimensions and projections based on user-defined metrics. The latent condensing (LCON) method clusters and condenses an extensive latent space into a compact form. A new approach, latent expansion (LEXP), incrementally increases latent dimensions using a linear LVM to find an optimal compact space. This study compares these methods across multiple datasets, including a simple toy problem, mixed signals, ECG data, and simulated vibrational data. LEXP can accelerate the discovery of optimal latent spaces and may yield different compact spaces from LCON, depending on the LVM. This paper highlights the LS-PIE algorithm’s applications and compares LCON and LEXP in organising, ranking, and scoring latent components akin to principal component analysis or singular value decomposition. This paper shows clear improvements in the interpretability of the resulting latent representations allowing for clearer and more focused analysis.
Latent space perspicacity and interpretation enhancement (LS-PIE) framework
(MDPI, 2024-09-25) Stevens, Jesse; Wilke, Daniel Nicolas; Setshedi, I.I. (Isaac); u16301545@tuks.co.za
Linear latent variable models such as principal component analysis (PCA), independent component analysis (ICA), canonical correlation analysis (CCA), and factor analysis (FA) identify latent directions (or loadings) either ordered or unordered. These data are then projected onto the latent directions to obtain their projected representations (or scores). For example, PCA solvers usually rank principal directions by explaining the most variance to the least variance. In contrast, ICA solvers usually return independent directions unordered and often with single sources spread across multiple directions as multiple sub-sources, severely diminishing their usability and interpretability. This paper proposes a general framework to enhance latent space representations to improve the interpretability of linear latent spaces. Although the concepts in this paper are programming language agnostic, the framework is written in Python. This framework simplifies the process of clustering and ranking of latent vectors to enhance latent information per latent vector and the interpretation of latent vectors. Several innovative enhancements are incorporated, including latent ranking (LR), latent scaling (LS), latent clustering (LC), and latent condensing (LCON). LR ranks latent directions according to a specified scalar metric. LS scales latent directions according to a specified metric. LC automatically clusters latent directions into a specified number of clusters. Lastly, LCON automatically determines the appropriate number of clusters to condense the latent directions for a given metric to enable optimal latent discovery. Additional functionality of the framework includes single-channel and multi-channel data sources and data pre-processing strategies such as Hankelisation to seamlessly expand the applicability of linear latent variable models (LLVMs) to a wider variety of data. The effectiveness of LR, LS, LC, and LCON is shown in two foundational problems crafted with two applied latent variable models, namely, PCA and ICA.
Collision prediction for a mining collision avoidance system
(Springer, 2024-10) Van Answegen, J.C.; Hamersma, Herman Adendorff; Els, Pieter Schalk; hermanh@up.ac.za
Accidents caused by wheeled mining machines contribute to approximately 30% of injuries and fatalities in the global mining industry. Wheeled mining machines have limited driver assist features when compared to the passenger vehicle market and are typically limited to collision avoidance by braking. These products are often subject to false positive interventions leading to production losses, increased wear, and resistance to adopt the technology by end users. This study proposes a sampling-based method to expand the collision avoidance by braking approach to include steering. The sampling method is based on the vehicle’s kinematics and the application of a Gaussian distribution to the steering rate to determine the probability of a collision occurring. Initial results indicate that the inclusion of steering rate on the collision prediction model may increase the operator’s situational awareness, leading to fewer false positives.
Effects of temperature and nanoparticle mixing ratio on the thermophysical properties of GNP-Fe2O3 hybrid nanofluids : an experimental study with RSM and ANN modeling
(Springer, 2024-05-14) Borode, Adeola; Tshephe, Thato; Olubambi, Peter; Sharifpur, Mohsen; Meyer, Josua P.; mohsen.sharifpur@up.ac.za
This study investigated the impact of temperature and nanoparticle mixing ratio on the thermophysical properties of hybrid nanofluids (HNFs) made with graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) and iron oxide nanoparticles ( Fe2O3). The results showed that increased temperature led to higher thermal conductivity (TC) and electrical conductivity (EC), and lower viscosity in HNFs. Higher GNP content relative to Fe2O3 also resulted in higher TC but lower EC and viscosity. Artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to model and correlate the thermophysical properties of HNFs. The ANN models showed a high degree of correlation between predicted and actual values for all three properties (TC, EC, and viscosity). The optimal number of neurons varied for each property. For TC, the model with six neurons performed the best, while for viscosity, the model with ten neurons was optimal. The best ANN model for EC contained 18 neurons. The RSM results indicated that the 2-factor interaction term was the most significant factor for optimizing TC and EC; while, the linear term was most important for optimizing viscosity. The ANN models performed better than the RSM models for all properties. The findings provide insights into factors affecting the thermophysical properties of HNFs and can inform the development of more effective heat transfer fluids for industrial applications.
Endwall film-cooling in a cascade with filleted vane, upstream discrete slots, and holes
(Taylor and Francis, 2024) Shote, Adeola Suhud; Huyssen, Barbara Barbieri; Mahmood, G.I. (Gazi); Barbara.huyssen@up.ac.za
In vane cascades, large filleted vanes influence aerodynamics, while upstream endwall film-cooling arrangement impacts aero-thermal performance. This study explores experimental investigations on endwall flows and film-cooling effectiveness in a filleted vane cascade using discrete slots and holes. Two fillet profiles are examined covering the leading-edge area to either the throat or 62% of the axial chord. Film-cooling employs two slots and two rows of holes in the leading-edge region with inlet blowing ratios ranging from 1.0 to 2.8. Results show variations in total pressure loss and Nusselt number between filleted and un-filleted vanes, highlighting optimal film-cooling effectiveness with the smaller fillet profiles.
Aerodynamic design of an electronics pod to maximise its carriage envelope on a fast-jet aircraft
(Emerald, 2024-12-16) Du Rand, Ruan; Jamison, Kevin; Huyssen, Barbara; u15013962@tuks.co.za
PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to reshape a fast-jet electronics pod’s external geometry to ensure compliance with aircraft pylon load limits across its carriage envelope while adhering to onboard system constraints and fitment specifications. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Initial geometric layout determination used empirical methods. Performance approximation on the aircraft with added fairings and stabilising fin configurations was conducted using a panel code. Verification of loads was done using a full steady Reynoldsaveraged Navier–Stokes solver, validated against published wind tunnel test data. Acceptable load envelope for the aircraft pylon was defined using two already-certified stores with known flight envelopes. FINDINGS: Re-lofting the pod’s geometry enabled meeting all geometric and pylon load constraints. However, due to the pod’s large size, re-lofting alone was not adequate to respect aircraft/pylon load limitations. A flight restriction was imposed on the aircraft’s roll rate to reduce yaw and roll moments within allowable limits. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The geometry of an electronics pod was redesigned to maximise the permissible flight envelope on its carriage aircraft while respecting the safe carriage load limits determined for its store pylon. Aircraft carriage load constraints must be determined upfront when considering the design of fast-jet electronic pods. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: A process for determining the unknown load constraints of a carriage aircraft by analogy is presented, along with the process of tailoring the geometry of an electronics pod to respect aerodynamic load and geometric constraints.
Experimental investigation of heat transfer, thermal efficiency, pressure drop, and flow characteristics of Fe3O4-MgO magnetic hybrid nanofluid in transitional flow regimes
(Elsevier, 2025-03) Adogbeji, Victor O.; Sharifpur, Mohsen; Meyer, Josua P.; mohsen.sharifpur@up.ac.za
Please read abstract in the article.
Experimental investigation of heat transfer enhancement, thermal efficiency, and pressure drop in forced convection of magnetic hybrid nanofluid (Fe₃O₄/TiO₂) under varied magnetic field strengths and waveforms
(Elsevier, 2024-12) Adogbeji, Victor O.; Sharifpur, Mohsen; Meyer, Josua P.; mohsen.sharifpur@up.ac.za
Applying a magnetic field to influence convective flow of ferrofluids has become an efficient method for enhancing heat transfer in thermal systems, particularly in straight tubes. This study investigates the heat transfer properties of Fe₃O₄/TiO₂ nanofluids within a heated copper tube under varied magnetic field strengths and waveforms. Optimal magnetic field conditions were determined at 4 V and 60 Hz across all waveform types, as higher frequencies and voltages increased magnetic field intensity, thereby reducing heat transfer rates. Magnetic waveforms exerted differential influences on pressure drop, indicating varied nanoparticle alignment and turbulence levels, impacting fluid flow dynamics and viscosity. Higher nanoparticle concentration (0.1% vol) correlated with increased pressure drops across sine, square, and triangular wave forms, suggesting heightened flow resistance and potential nanoparticle agglomeration, thus reducing thermal efficiency. Conversely, lower concentrations exhibited enhanced thermal per formance due to improved nanoparticle dispersion and reduced thermal resistance. At 0.1% vol, heat transfer enhancement without a magnetic field was 16.5%. The introduction of magnetic field waveforms attenuated this enhancement: 15.3% (sine), 13.26% (square), and 12.59% (triangular). Conversely, at lower volume fractions, heat transfer enhancements with magnetic fields exceeded those without at 0.05% vol, enhancements were 20.92% (sine), 21.3% (square), and 21.34% (triangular); at 0.025% vol, enhancements were 22.07% (sine), 22.3% (square), and 21.32% (triangular); at 0.0125% vol, enhancements were 27.87% (sine), 28.21% (square), and 26.74% (triangular); and at 0.0065% vol, enhancements were 22.24% (sine), 22.3% (square), and 24.49% (triangular).

Browse

Recent Submissions