Abstract:
BACKGROUND :
Malaria remains a serious concern in most African countries, causing nearly one million deaths globally every year. This review aims to examine
the extent and nature of the resurgence of malaria transmission in South Africa.
METHODS :
Using the Arksey and O'Malley framework, this scoping review includes articles published between the years 2015 and 2018 on the resurgence of
malaria occurrence in South Africa. Articles were searched between October 2018 to January 2019 using the following electronic databases:
CINAHL, Pubmed, Science Direct and SCOPUS. Grey literature from Google Scholar was also hand searched. Key search terms and subject
headings such as climate variables, climate changes, climatic factors, malaria resurgence, malaria reoccurrence and malaria increase over epidemic
regions in South Africa were used to identify relevant articles. Three independent reviewers performed the selection and characterization of
articles, and the data collected were synthesized qualitatively.
RESULTS :
A total number of 534 studies were identified. Among these, 24 studies met the inclusion criteria. The results were grouped by factors (four main
themes) that influenced the malaria resurgence: Climatic, Epidemiological, Socio-economic, and Environmental factors. Climatic factors were
found to be the major factor responsible for the resurgence of malaria, as more than 55% of the selected articles were climate-focused. This was
followed by epidemiological, socio-economic and environmental factors, in that order. Grey literature from Google Scholar yielded no results.
CONCLUSION :
This study shows that malaria transmission in South Africa is more associated with climate. Climate-based malaria models could be used as early
warning systems for malaria over the epidemic regions in South Africa. Since epidemiological factors also play significant roles in malaria
transmission, regular and unrelaxed use of Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) should be encouraged in these regions. Individuals should also be
educated on the importance and the usefulness of these deliveries. While some studies have indicated that the vectors have developed resistance to
insecticides, continuous research on developing new insecticides that could alter the resistance are encouraged. Furthermore, all efforts to eradicate
malaria in South Africa must also target malaria-endemic neighbouring countries.
