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Please note that UPSpace will be unavailable from Friday, 2 May at 18:00 (South African Time) until Sunday, 4 May at 20:00 due to scheduled system upgrades. We apologise for any inconvenience this may cause and appreciate your understanding.
Bipolar disorder (BD) presents in different phases over time and is often complicated by comorbid conditions such as substance-use disorders and anxiety disorders. Treatment usually involves pharmacotherapy with combinations of different classes of medications and frequent medication revisions.