A systematic review and meta-analysis of human security threats and approaches in South Africa : policing the known, governing the unknown

Abstract

This study examines human security and policing in South Africa, exploring how traditional and adaptive responses address known and unknown criminality across neighbourhoods. It explores gaps in governance and policing models related to security threats and the ongoing challenge of “policing the known and governing the unknown.” Meta-analysis of 54 studies from various sources (n=7,842)revealed that exposure to violence is associated with socioeconomic challenges, marginalisation, and youth unemployment in poor neighbourhoods. It identified a shift from traditional state-controlled policing to a hybrid security model, with more reliance on private security in wealthier urban areas. This underscores traditional policing’s inefficiency in addressing security needs in marginalised communities, concentrating security efforts in urban zones. Poorer, more volatile neighbourhoods are less policed despite rising risks, creating protection inequalities. The study emphasises that South Africa’s security approach must transition from a state-centric to amore inclusive, human-centric ideal. This involves bolstering state security forces, private security firms, and community-driven security initiatives for equitable access to security for all neighbourhoods. There view advocates for policies that ensure equitable security for all and promote collaboration among communities, public and private sectors, and address underlying socioeconomic issues that promote volatility and threats to human security.