Theses and Dissertations (Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences)

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A prospective cohort study of the correlation between chest circumference and spirometry measurements over a 19-week intense training programme
(University of Pretoria, 2014) Wood, Paola Silvia; tanyade@mweb.co.za; Camacho, Tanya Chantelle de Sousa
Objective: Pulmonary disease is a common cause of morbidity and mortality; however a large number of individuals remain undiagnosed. Reasons for this include the inconsistent use of spirometry and the inability to produce acceptable and reproducible results. Chest circumference measurements have been positively correlated with pulmonary function in healthy individuals and those with pulmonary pathologies, thus potentially offering an additional method for assessing pulmonary function. Regular participation in endurance activities appears to increase VO2 max and the strength of the respiratory muscles. Thus, the aim of the study was to determine whether a strong, significant correlation between chest circumference measurements and spirometry measures existed in a young healthy active population, and whether this relationship remained consistent with changes in physical fitness. Methods: A total of 235 military recruits (136 male; 99 female; 18–28 years old) were recruited in the study. In weeks 1, 12 and 19 of the Basic Military Training (BMT) programme, each participant voluntarily participated in a testing session which included anthropometric measurements (height, weight and chest circumference), spirometry tests and the multistage shuttle run test. Overall 26 participants complied with all spirometry inclusion criteria and completed all measures in all three testing sessions. Parametric descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Alpha was set at 0.05. Results: The correlational analysis showed weak and non-significant correlations (r<0.4) between chest circumference measurements and spirometry measures over the 19 weeks of BMT, except for a moderate, positive and significant correlation between FVC and ICC in the male sample (r=0.522; p<0.05) in week 12. Strong, positive and statistically significant correlations between FVC and VO2 max were observed in weeks 1, 12 and 19 (r=0.682, p<0.01; r=0.616, p<0.01 and r=0.697; p<0.01, respectively) and between FEV1 and VO2 max in week 1 and week 19 (r=0.628; p<0.01 and r=0.658; p<0.01, respectively). A moderate, positive and statistically significant correlation between FEV1 and VO2 max in week 12 (r=0.554; p<0.01) was noted. There were no statistically significant changes in chest circumference measures over time (p=0.401). Statistically significant changes in FVC between week 1 and week 12, week 1 and week 19 and week 12 and week 19 (p=0.021; p<0.001 and p=0.025, respectively) were observed, as well as in FEV1 between week 1 and week 12 and week 1 and week 19 (p=0.027 and p<0.001). There were no statistically significant changes in FEV1/FVC between all testing sessions. Changes in VO2 max were statistically significant between week 1 and week 12 and week 1 and week 19 (p≤0.001 and p≤0.001, respectively). When controlled for by gender, the overall changes in FVC, FEV1 and relative VO2 max remained statistically significant (p=0.001; p=0.002 & p<0.001, respectively) and FEV1/FVC remained statistically non-significant (p=0.806). Conclusion: This study did not find a statistically significant correlation between chest circumference measurements and pulmonary function, despite the statistically significant increase in the VO2 max; thus the hypothesis that chest circumference measurements could be used as a measurement of pulmonary function in a young healthy active population was not supported. Future research should be aimed at exploring this relationship using a larger sample.
Nature-based extreme sports participation and eco-sensitivity : A South African context
(University of Pretoria, 2019) Steyn, Ben J.M. (Barend Johannes Marthinus); u04515049@tuks.co.za; Human, Nicolette
Since mindless actions of the South African society persist in the form of environmentally degrading behaviour, the sustainability of healthy eco-systems is constantly threatened. Practical ways of acquiring environmental literacy is necessary to develop environmental responsible behaviour of citizens. Theory-based research on nature-based extreme sports participation rarely acknowledges its positive transformative value on society. This neglect roots, in part, from naïve or novice misconceptions that motives for participation are primarily risk-focused in pursuit of an adrenaline rush. Thrill-seeking theories often make anthropocentric assumptions of a rivalry human-nature relationship to showcase individual prowess. As a result, “extreme” is naïvely associated with “out-of-control” or “reckless” actions. Phenomenological traditions from Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty navigate a hermeneutical understanding of a bodily-being-towards-death in such high-risk sports activities. This interpretative phenomenological analytical study considers the lived experiences of 10 expert South African nature-based extreme sports participants who take calculate risks. Their first-hand narrations provide evidence, which derails the naïve stigma and identify voluntary high risk-taking as a by-product of participation. For some, the extensive period of time spent in the wilderness, where their survival depends on the collaboration with natural elements enable a realization that humanity is part of a larger functioning network. Findings from semi-structured interviews present an eco-centric outlook on the facilitative role of participation, in eco-sensitivity. Flow and mindfulness are recognised as contributing factors in the display of pro-environmental behaviour of nature-based extreme sports participants. How participation encourages an intimate bond with and sensitivity of nature, which permits a setting for extraordinary physical and psychological changes, is explored. From this study, eco-centric management principles can be discovered and its educational principles incorporated within schools and sport organizations to become more ecologically sensitive and just.
An exploration of the factors contributing to gender inequality in athletics participation and leadership
(University of Pretoria, 2019) Van der Klashorst, Engela; rikenette@webmail.co.za; Steenkamp, Rikenette
South Africa is widely known as an achieving sports country. Yet, issues of inequality and a lack of role models in women sport have plagued development of sport in South Africa. The study commenced with the leadership phenomenon as a background to the study and secondary sources were explored to provide a summative framework. This part of the research focused on generic leadership concepts, theories, approaches and styles. It was elaborated with leadership in the context of the sports industry and track and field (athletics). The theoretical argument is that if South Africa has equal talent and opportunity South African women athletics should not have such poor performance record in terms of medals and world rankings. Women have been hindered in terms of access to sports participation in all different spheres of sport and the dominance of men in sport leadership positions is nothing new. The literature review indicates underlying factors such as gender stereotyping, socio-cultural expectations (and traditions), lack of media coverage, limited access to participation, limited education programmes and other initiatives. Women’s athletics is in trouble when measured against the number of athletes competing in the international arena. Statistics shows that women consisted of only 25,4 % of the national team for major championships between 2007 and 2018. The overall status of women athletics in terms of development and performance is therefore a major concern. The primary research objective was to determine the underlying factors and primary reasons for inequality and the lack of professional female athletes and role models in women athletics in South Africa. A qualitative research approach was followed to address the problem. A convenience sample of well-known female athletes, coaches and administrators participated in the empirical part of the study. Semi-structured interviews (n=16) were conducted, audio-recorded, transcribed and the data were analysed and reduced by means of a thematic analysis. The following six themes were identified from the data: athletics participation in South Africa, standards of women’s athletics, gender inequality, female role models in athletics, reasons for the lack of female sports leaders and suggestions (ideas and innovations) for a management framework to address the situation. The results confirmed a definite lack of female leaders in athletics. The problem originates with the lack of depth within the participation base of athletics especially at university level. The survey confirmed that women athletics is substandard and needs drastic improvement. Besides obvious reasons the underlying factors are the promising athletes leaving the sport. Lack of support, inadequate development and the weak motivation of athletics as a profession were given as primary causes. On the one extreme there is a lack of opportunities for children in rural areas and on the other spectrum athletic schools are too competitive and overly performance-driven. Both these extremes have a negative bearing on the longevity of potential athletic careers. The survey also affirmed that female athletes at the university level of athletics participation are in the greatest need of support. The entire study enabled the researcher to develop a conceptual framework to address the problem. It consists of several levels (strategic and functional), a WADP (women athletic development and role model program) manager with three specific program areas, namely (1) an incentive program (RIBDP), (2) a change agent program and (3) a program with strategic events. The implementation of this framework demands national support and signed treaties to improve women athletics holistically. It is therefore concluded that athletics in South Africa can only benefit from an investment (implementation) in such a framework that will demand national-level sport leadership to produce professional women athletes to be and become women athletics role models.
The applicability of the NCAA American football draft system on the South African tertiary rugby system : a comparative approach
(University of Pretoria, 2018) Van der Klashorst, Engela; an3skruger@gmail.com; Kruger, Andries Jacobus
South Africa has a very rich sporting history with South Africans renowned for being huge enthusiasts of the many different sporting codes played in the country. Former president Nelson Mandela emphasized the importance of sport at the Laureus World Sports Awards Ceremony in 2000 “Sport has the power to change the world. It has the power to inspire. It has the power to unite people in a way that little else can. Sport can awaken hope where there was previously only despair”. South Africa Rugby have played an important role in the country’s history, with world-class provincial matches, producing an international feared national (Springboks) side. However in recent years the Springbok side have been gradually slipping down the world ranking list. Since the sport of rugby turned fully professional in the mid-1990’s the South African system started to use the tertiary developing process less as a stepping block for high school rugby players to the now professional rugby franchises, with the contracting of 18 and 19-year-old players. With rugby being a highly collision sport, the study investigated the American football system in the United States of America. The study focus on how both investigated collision sport (SA Rugby & American football) systems develop players from high school amateur players to professional players, placing emphasis on the path way through the tertiary systems of both sporting codes and the selection process from amateur to professional sport. The overall aim of this study was to determine to what extent the NCAA American football and NFL draft system, could be-applied to the South African rugby system. Investigating factors such as physical and physiological maturity, Long term athlete development and talent identification by adopting an exploratory ethno-graphic qualitative research design as methodology, to ask the research question: To what extent can the NCAA American football and NFL Draft system be applied to the South Africa tertiary system? Based on the preceding research question it postulated that similarities exist between both collision sports, with both sports being part of highly competitive organised school sport, followed by the tertiary platforms provided through the NCAA (USA) and Varsity Cup (South Africa) towards professionalism. Results of the study established through the documentation that the American football system utilised a student-athlete system as academic requirements for participation is, implemented from school level and players competing within the tertiary platform needs to be amateur certified to be able to compete. Whereas for the South African rugby system having no academic requirements for participation through school as this only becomes a requirement when going through the tertiary system. (Varsity Cup). With Varsity Cup having similar academic eligibility rules, like that of the NCAA it does not excluded the participation of professional players. The conclusion of the study confirmed that Varsity Cup is more athlete-student then student-athlete as with the NCAA. The study provided evidence that the two collision sports compared sharing many characteristics. The principles inherent in NCAA American football and NFL Draft can be applied to that of SA rugby to a certain extent. The following recommendations for both SA rugby and Varsity Cup where suggested Not allowing SA rugby franchises and unions to contract rugby players under the age of twenty – SARU policy change. Discontinuing/Cancelling the u/19, u/20 and u/21 age group provincial competitions – SARU policy change Excluding players which are contracted at a SA rugby franchise or union and excluding players receiving a salary for participating in rugby – Varsity Cup policy change.
Sport development in South Africa : skill development or talent identification? An evaluation of skill development initiatives in Tshwane for athletes aged 7 to 18 years
(University of Pretoria, 2018) Van der Klashorst, Engela; u10596306@tuks.co.za; Botha, Janine
Sport is a powerful tool. It has the power to bring people together in a way nothing else can. It can also bring and accentuate division in a way nothing else can. To tap into the power of sport a need exists to include populations that have previously been excluded on the basis of race, gender and socio-economic status. This study proposed that current sport development programs in marginalised communities in Tshwane utilise a talent identification rather than a skill development approach and posed the question: “Is current sport development for athletes aged 7 to 18 residing in Tshwane based on skill development or talent identification principles?” In an effort to answer the research question, the researcher provided a distinction between talent identification and skill development. A crucial difference identified related to the time allowed for participants to develop sport skills as well as the allowance for maturation. Talent identification was highlighted as peripheral to sport development as it can almost be seen as a final step in skill development. The study utilised a qualitative research approach with a non-probability, key informant sample as research participants. The research participants comprised of sport administrators and coaches involved in sport development in Tshwane. Data collected by means of document analysis and semi-structured interviews were transcribed and coded using themes derived from the literature review. From the analysis and interpretation, the researcher concluded that current sport development initiatives for athletes aged 7 to 18 in Tshwane are indeed based on talent identification principles, and that programs in marginalised communities tend to be short term and high output focused. The study concludes by making recommendations as to how this can be amended and adapted to allow skill development to occur.
Managing golf players’ transition from junior to professional level
(University of Pretoria, 2018) Steyn, Ben J.M. (Barend Johannes Marthinus); u26365805@tuks.co.za; Roos, Stephanus Johannes
Many individuals play the game of golf as a means of relaxation (Newsham, 2006). However, with time the large amounts of prize money in tournaments began to capture the attention of players (Hayman, Borkoles, Taylor, Hemmings, & Polman, 2014; Roos & Surujlal, 2014). Players entered tournaments, and soon realised they need to be competent and that this can only be achieved through professional coaching (Farrally et al., 2003; Roos & Surujlal, 2014). As a result, great demands has been placed on coaches and managers to develop quality players (Cushion, Armour, & Jones, 2003; Roos & Surujlal, 2014). According to Hayman et al. (2014), research has not indicated a sufficient pathway for junior golf players to reach professional level and be successful. It is therefore critical to explore all facets influential in the success of professional golf players. Despite the limited research on developmental pathways in golf, substantial research has examined developmental paths in elite sportsman (Hayman et al., 2014). The development of proficiency in sport is influenced by various environmental factors such as parental support and coach behaviours. This forms a crucial social network, and when the correct social networks are present, young sports people are more likely to achieve success and progress to elite sport level (Branton, 2013; Côté, 1999; Csikszentmihalyi, Rathunde, & Whalen, 1997; Jowett & Timson-Katchis, 2005). Since the transition from junior to senior level within sport has shown to be a crucial step, where many athletes fail, it is important to gain more knowledge about the process and the correct method to approach this (Hayman et al., 2014; Jorlén, 2008). Assisting junior golf players in this endeavour has evolved from technical coaching to a full-time career management profession. This study aimed to develop a framework for the effective transition of junior golf players to professional level, therefore assisting future junior golf players to achieve success in professional golf. The main objective of this study was to explore the perceptions of former or current Sunshine Tour players, Professional Golfers’ Association of South Africa (PGA of SA) members, PGA of SA teaching professionals and/or golf administrators. This enabled the researcher to identify the most important psychosocial and environmental factors that can contribute to the effective transition from junior to professional level. The sample size consisted of 17 participants that took part in this research study. Specifically, perceptions on the correct transition strategies for junior golf players to achieve success at a professional level. This study attempted to understand these perceptions from the participants lived experiences which is a vital aspect for researchers working from the structure of a socio-constructionism system (Walters, 2009). By means of the available theoretical models and the empirical data obtained from the interviews, a comprehensive transition framework for junior golfers in the South African context was developed. The findings suggested that players are required to have mental attributes in order for them to be successful. Adding to the mental aspect of the player development is the social support structure. Participants indicated that individuals in this environment might influence players in a negative manner, and as a result add unnecessary pressure on them. Financial obligations place a lot of strain on a player’s mental state which demand that players employ certain skills to overcome a barrier such as this. This study indicated that in order for players to gain sponsorships and solve the financial implications involved, a personal brand needs to be developed by players. Coaches need to be aware of the influential role they play in this process and are required to constantly act as a mentor to a player. Furthermore, players need to participate in as many other sporting codes as possible at a young age. This study concluded that late specialisation is the correct method of development. Individuals pursuing to become a professional golfer need to be aware of the lonely lifestyle of professional golfers and the commitment that needs to be made. Players need to be willing to set aside a social life and be totally committed to the process of becoming better. These themes can guide programmes to help junior golf players achieve greater success in the transition towards professionalism. A better understanding about this endeavour could increase the chances of even more South African junior golf players to reach professional level.
Managing golf players’ transition from junior to professional level
(University of Pretoria, 2018) Steyn, Ben J.M. (Barend Johannes Marthinus); fanie.roos@nwu.ac.za; Roos, Stephanus Johannes
Many individuals play the game of golf as a means of relaxation (Newsham, 2006). However, with time the large amounts of prize money in tournaments began to capture the attention of players (Hayman, Borkoles, Taylor, Hemmings, & Polman, 2014; Roos & Surujlal, 2014). Players entered tournaments, and soon realised they need to be competent and that this can only be achieved through professional coaching (Farrally et al., 2003; Roos & Surujlal, 2014). As a result, great demands has been placed on coaches and managers to develop quality players (Cushion, Armour, & Jones, 2003; Roos & Surujlal, 2014). According to Hayman et al. (2014), research has not indicated a sufficient pathway for junior golf players to reach professional level and be successful. It is therefore critical to explore all facets influential in the success of professional golf players. Despite the limited research on developmental pathways in golf, substantial research has examined developmental paths in elite sportsman (Hayman et al., 2014). The development of proficiency in sport is influenced by various environmental factors such as parental support and coach behaviours. This forms a crucial social network, and when the correct social networks are present, young sports people are more likely to achieve success and progress to elite sport level (Branton, 2013; Côté, 1999; Csikszentmihalyi, Rathunde, & Whalen, 1997; Jowett & Timson-Katchis, 2005). Since the transition from junior to senior level within sport has shown to be a crucial step, where many athletes fail, it is important to gain more knowledge about the process and the correct method to approach this (Hayman et al., 2014; Jorlén, 2008). Assisting junior golf players in this endeavour has evolved from technical coaching to a full-time career management profession. This study aimed to develop a framework for the effective transition of junior golf players to professional level, therefore assisting future junior golf players to achieve success in professional golf. The main objective of this study was to explore the perceptions of former or current Sunshine Tour players, Professional Golfers’ Association of South Africa (PGA of SA) members, PGA of SA teaching professionals and/or golf administrators. This enabled the researcher to identify the most important psychosocial and environmental factors that can contribute to the effective transition from junior to professional level. The sample size consisted of 17 participants that took part in this research study. Specifically, perceptions on the correct transition strategies for junior golf players to achieve success at a professional level. This study attempted to understand these perceptions from the participants lived experiences which is a vital aspect for researchers working from the structure of a socio-constructionism system (Walters, 2009). By means of the available theoretical models and the empirical data obtained from the interviews, a comprehensive transition framework for junior golfers in the South African context was developed. The findings suggested that players are required to have mental attributes in order for them to be successful. Adding to the mental aspect of the player development is the social support structure. Participants indicated that individuals in this environment might influence players in a negative manner, and as a result add unnecessary pressure on them. Financial obligations place a lot of strain on a player’s mental state which demand that players employ certain skills to overcome a barrier such as this. This study indicated that in order for players to gain sponsorships and solve the financial implications involved, a personal brand needs to be developed by players. Coaches need to be aware of the influential role they play in this process and are required to constantly act as a mentor to a player. Furthermore, players need to participate in as many other sporting codes as possible at a young age. This study concluded that late specialisation is the correct method of development. Individuals pursuing to become a professional golfer need to be aware of the lonely lifestyle of professional golfers and the commitment that needs to be made. Players need to be willing to set aside a social life and be totally committed to the process of becoming better. These themes can guide programmes to help junior golf players achieve greater success in the transition towards professionalism. A better understanding about this endeavour could increase the chances of even more South African junior golf players to reach professional level.
'n histories-kritiese beskouing van die leerplanne vir liggaamlike opvoedkunde aan die transvaalse Onderwyskolleges 1900 tot 1980
(University of Pretoria, 1984) De Bruyn, N.J.; Croukamp, Francois Conradt
Afrikaans: Die voortdurende veranderinge en vooruitgang wat in die leefwereld van die kind aan die primere skoal waargeneem word, stel gedurig nuwe eise aan die kind en die onderwyser. Daadwerklike en verantwoordbare optrede sal verseker dat die onderwysinhoud relevant en geskik gehou sal word om doeltreffende opvoeding te verseker. Die veranderde behoeftes van die leerlinge aan die primere skoal het meegebring dat leerplanne aan tersiere opleidingsinrigtings ook moes verander. Net soos alle ander vakgebiede het ook die Liggaamlike Opvoedkunde voortdurende verandering en vernuwing ondergaan. Die feit dat inligting oor die ontwikkelingsgeskiedenis van die vak Liggaamlike Opvoedkunde aan onderwyskolleges in Transvaal nie geredelik beskikbaar is nie, was die stukrag van die navorsing in hierdie verband. Onderwyspraktyk, en in hierdie geval die ligaamsopvoedkundige praktyk, kan alleenlik verbeter indien leerplaninhoude voortdurend ge-evalueer en aangepas word. Daar bestaan 'n behoefte om te bepaal of leerplanne aan die onderwyskolleges tred gehou het met die ontwikkeling van Liggaamlike Opvoedkunde. 'n Historiese oorsig sal aandui of die opleiding wat aan die onderwysstudent verskaf is, hom voorberei het - en tans nog voorberei - vir die taak wat aan hom gestel word as liggaamlike opvoeder in die skoal. 'n Kart oorsig oor die ontwikkeling van departemente van Liggaamlike Opvoedkunde aan onderwyskolleges bied 'n goeie beeld oor die bydraes van persone en instansies ten opsigte van leerplanontwikkeling. Liggaamlike Opvoedkunde is nie slegs deur persone met onderwyservaring aangebied nie. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisie en die Weerrnag het ook 'n rol gespeel in die opleiding van leerkragte vir liggaarnlike opvoeding. Verskeie Onderwyskornrnissies het ondersoek ingestel na die stand van liggaarnlike opvoeding op die skole. Die belangrikste hiervan was die Kornrnissie onder leiding van W J Nicol in 1937. As gevolg van hierdie Komrnissie se aanbevelings is dosente in Liggaarnlike Opvoedkunde op perrnanente basis aan die onderwyskolleges aangestel. Dit met meegebring dat Liggaamlike Opvoedkunde meer tot sy reg gekom het. Die werk van die Nasionale Adviserende Raad vir Liggaamlike Opvoeding het ook 'n groat bydrae gelewer tot die standardisering van opleiding in Liggaamlike Opvoedkunde aan die onderwyskolleges. Nauer skakeling tussen universiteite en onderwyskolleges het 'n nuwe didakties-pedagogiese benadering teweeg gebring. In die ondersoek is daar gepoog om aan te dui waar daar tekortkorninge in die huidige leerplanne bestaan. Tans geniet die vak liggaarnlike opvoeding aan die primere skool nie die respek of die aandag waarop dit aanspraak behoort te maak nie. Hierdie situasie kan direk terug herlei word na die opleiding van liggaamsopvoeders aan die tersiere inrigtings. Gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings wat in hoofstuk vier aangetref word, kan 'n bydrae lewer tot 'n beter fundering van leerplaninhoude aan die onderwyskolleges. Dit sal 'n nuwe benadering tot liggaamlike opvoeding aan die primere skool teweegbring en die inskakeling van die liggaamspedagogiese praktyk in die breere opvoedingsplan verseker.
Sport funding of schools in low socio- economic communities in Gauteng
(University of Pretoria, 2018) Van der Klashorst, Engela; ntshenge.p.t@gmail.com; Phaswana, Ntshengedzeni
In 1959, opinions regarding sport and its place in education were expressed for the first time at an international conference “Sport, Work and Health” organised by UNESCO, (ED-76/Conf). Leisure and sport activities are thought to be developmentally important because it provides opportunities for skill development and the formation of social relationship during adolescence (Fourie, Slabbert & Saaymen, 2011. Children from the Low Socio-Economic Community often grow up without the opportunity to sharpen these skills and qualities in them due to meagre of physical education programmes which are professional structured to develop their talent. Walter (2014) concluded that in South Africa children from historically black communities and schools previously disadvantage by apartheid, have limited physical activity opportunities due to the marginalization of physical education in the school curriculum, inadequate extra-curriculum, community sports provision, the paucity or poor standard of available facilities and equipment. The condition has remained perpetual from generation to generation with no change in how sport programmes are structured. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence, nature, and importance of funding to schools in Low socio- Economic communities. Sport is widely regarded as a social agent that connects many grassroots communities, whereas business has more difficulty reaching communities on their own (Dhurup,2012). The overall aim of the study was to establish the core fundamental problems of insufficient funding in sport for marginalised schools in Gauteng. Inadequate funding has been identified as a major setback facing sports development in low socio-economic schools in South Africa (Elumilade, Asaolu, Oladoyin & Oladele, 2006). The interest in soccer is so pervasive that rough open land is used for practice session, although these areas are uneven covered with stones and in some instance broken glass, it is salutary to observe how passive the coaches and players are in the face of what one admittedly deplorable condition (Williams and Atkinson, 2009). Despite the poor condition in which township schools must conduct sports programmes, the schools have not given up and sporting codes like soccer, athletics and netball are played in townships like Kagiso. There is sufficient evidence for the researcher to make a conclusion that funding problem at Low socio-economic school are exacerbate by lack of ownership and support from both parents and school’s official who priorities more on academics and less extramural activities at schools.
Impact of current sport and recreation policy in South Africa on the provision of sport and recreation opportunities for persons with disabilities in marginalised communities
(University of Pretoria, 2017) Van der Klashorst, Engela; michellem.joubert@up.ac.za; Joubert, Michelle
Research has shown that participation in sport and recreation is beneficial in numerous ways. Some of these benefits include physical and health benefits; behavioural and social benefits; cognitive benefits and psychological benefits. However, barriers to physical activity participation for persons with disabilities exist. Sustainable sport and recreation interventions have the potential to address and eliminate various barriers to physical activity participation for persons with disabilities. Current service provision approaches for persons with disabilities in Tshwane focus on individual treatment of disabilities and excludes most disabled individuals. Expanding individual intervention to community intervention will ensure the inclusion in physical activity participation in marginalised communities such as Mamelodi. A great number of potential participants are excluded from interventions as marginalised communities are at risk of fragmented interventions. The social and environmental context in middle and higher socioeconomic communities allow for participation as opposed to lower socioeconomic communities. South African policies associated with sport and recreation participation for persons with disabilities do not allow for continuous participation in sport and recreation intervention programs as it is inadequate and is not applied in marginalised communities like Mamelodi. The overall aim of the study was to evaluate sport and recreation service delivery for persons with disabilities in the marginalised community of Mamelodi using a socio ecological approach as a theoretical lens. This study utilised a qualitative approach to ask the research question: How can a socio ecological approach to sport and recreation service delivery for persons with disabilities in the marginalised community of Mamelodi assist in providing a more comprehensive application of policy? Results of the study included the limitation of sport and recreation participation opportunities for persons with disabilities present in marginalised communities such as Mamelodi. Despite the described inclusion of persons with disabilities in policies such as the National Sport and Recreation Plan (2012), sport and recreation participation opportunities remain nonexistent. The conclusion of the study confirmed that policies related to sport and recreation participation for persons with disabilities in South Africa are not implemented on community level despite its existence. The study concludes by recommending that the lack of sport and recreation service delivery for persons with disabilities can, and should, be addressed through the use of a socio ecological approach.
Perceptions of players, coaches, and parents on a scaled tennis equipment program
(University of Pretoria, 2018) Van Wyk, Gerrie; karlmd17@gmail.com; Davies, Karl M.
Purpose: The scaling of tennis equipment was officially launched by the International Tennis Federation in 2007 through the Play and Stay Campaign. This campaign, through a Tennis 10’s initiative, formulated three stages that features different racquet lengths, ball compression variations, and court sizes. The three scaled tennis equipment stages provided a pathway designed to have early success for youth starting to play the game. This investigation delved into understanding perceptions of the three stakeholder groups (parents, players, and coaches) of a scaled tennis equipment program. Method: Sixty-three young tennis players, 30 parents of tennis players, and 10 tennis coaches were interviewed using a set number of questions designed to identify perceptions of a scaled tennis equipment program. Results: Tennis players using scaled tennis equipment perceived they were able to play the game with their coach, friends, and family. Parents identified that scaled tennis equipment was designed for their child and promoted confidence. Tennis coaches mentioned that scaled tennis equipment promoted cooperative teaching style and constraints-based coaching and suggested that only team competition should be promoted for players 10-and-under. Conclusion: All three stakeholder groups indicated success with a scaled tennis equipment program. It appeared to facilitate players’ successful participation in the game of tennis and exhibited confidence. To safeguard the success of a scaled tennis equipment program, transition between stages needs to be done according to skill development success rather than age criteria.
The business of sport : towards a viable commercial model for the management of professional football in Africa
(University of Pretoria, 2017) Goslin, Anneliese E. (Anna Elizabeth); mmosola13@gmail.com; Mosola, Moeketsi Emmanuel
Sport plays a big part in the lives and psyche of not only South Africans and the world's citizens, but also those of the corporate world. As the era of professional sports grows and gains a foothold in more and more sporting codes, so the amount of money that is being spent is growing as well. Humphreys and Ruseski (2009) recognise the challenges confronting economists in both defining and measuring the size and scope of the sport industry. According to Chalip (2006) the development of the recreation and sport management field requires two complementary streams: one that tests the relevance and application of theories derived from other disciplines, such as finance and economics, and one that is grounded in sport phenomena. Linking economic and financial theory to the context of the sport industry, and specifically professional football, to try and understand this most popular and universal of activities from a business perspective in Africa, is the basis for this study. Professional football clubs as an element of the South African sport industry depend largely on four main sources of revenue: sponsorships, gate revenue, television and broadcasting rights, and merchandising. The challenges these professional football clubs face include rising ticket prices; corporate sponsorship facing economic and regulatory concerns; broadcasters facing a great challenge in integrating social media into their offerings; and rising player costs and talent development with long lags before they pay off. As a result professional football clubs are increasingly finding it difficult to balance the needs of stakeholders and be commercially viable at the same time. It is this new reality reflected by the challenges mentioned above, that has caused many organised professional football clubs to look beyond the traditional financing concepts and strategies that have been used and to supplement them with innovative approaches. It is postulated in this research that professional football clubs in Africa are required to seek out scarce resources from a wide range of possible revenue sources and to use their knowledge of sport and financing skills to ensure that the scarce revenue sources are allocated in such a way as to yield optimum satisfaction for their fans and commercial profits for their club owners. Further, failure to do so by these professional football clubs in Africa has resulted in these clubs not being commercially viable and lagging behind Europe in so far as the commercialisation of professional football is concerned. The reality that South African and most African professional football clubs are not financially viable and thus do not yield healthy returns on investment for their owners, resulted in formulating two research questions to guide this study: 1. Why are African professional football clubs not commercially viable? 2. Can commercially relevant, practical, measurable and consistent variables from successful European professional football clubs be transferred to develop a viable business model for the effective management of professional football in Africa? This study followed a mixed-method design. The data collection also involved gathering both quantitative numeric information (three-year financial records of leagues and clubs in Europe and Africa) as well as qualitative text information (semi-structured interviews and professional football expert research document analysis). The procedure for both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis was conducted rigorously. The study began with a detailed financial analysis of leagues and clubs in Europe and Africa in order to generalise results to a population and then focuses, in the second phase, on detailed qualitative, semi-structured interviews to collect detailed views from professional football experts. Why is the African professional football business model not commercially viable? From the collective results obtained it became clear that the answer to this important study question is both complex and multi-layered. Triangulation protocol was used determine reliability and consistency of the results.
A vontuurgerigte spanbou in 'n eietydse samelewing : 'n menslike bewegingskundige perspektief
(University of Pretoria, 1997) Botha, J.L.; Steyn, Ben J.M. (Barend Johannes Marthinus); Heunis, Christo Du Plessis
After ten years of experience as team building consultant, a literature study, an overseas study tour and the attendance of several national and international seminars on the topic, pointed out that adventure as educational tool is founded in Human Movement Science. This emerging phenomenon draws on knowledge from several disciplines. This interdisciplinary character causes confusion and uncertainty amongst practitioners. Team building is relevant especially when people have to manage the consequences of a changing environment. Contemporary science calls for a different approach to practice which coincides with the demands of a changing business environment. Adventure experiences can be optimised to the level of an educational tool. The educational value of adventure is not a recent phenomenon but can be traced back as far as ancient Greek philosophers like Plato (427 B.c.) and Aristotle (384 B.c.). This was rediscovered by a German philosopher and educator Kurt Hahn (1886-1974) who founded Outward Bound. In 1970 Outward Bound principles were integrated within a high school Physical Education curriculum. The success of Project Adventure made adventure experiences accessible to other disciplines including organisational development through team building. Whenever adventure experiences are optimised to a learning experience it is referred to as adventure related experiential learning. This process consists of a macro and micro phase. This study argues that adventure related experiential learning has it's roots in Physical Education and therefore holds the potential to act as interdisciplinary and intradisciplinary bridge in Human Movement Science. The aim of this study is to revitalise the image of a discipline that became fragmented.
The post-event function of world cup stadia as contribution to the 2010 Fifa World Cup legacy
(University of Pretoria, 2016) Van der Klashorst, Engela; kmmosime@gmail.com; Mosime, Kwenaitsile Maitshwarelo
In today’s sport environment, a mega event such as the FIFA World Cup involves major costs for the hosts, and high demands for all organizing stakeholders in order to ensure successful implementation. Despite the opportunity cost, this poses for the hosting country, bidding for these events remain highly competitive due to the perceived benefits of staging this event. Analyses show that new stadia are often built for the event and these require long-term planning and sustainable use in order to be operated successfully. Problematically, stadia that succumb to the challenges of operational and maintenance costs are referred to as ‘white elephants’. Successful stadia are those with good legacy plans that are geared towards the realization of positive long-term benefits. As owners of the stadia after a major football tournament such as the FIFA World Cup 2010, Local Municipalities face the challenge of ensuring that the stadiums remain sustainable after the event as well as covering the costs of maintaining the facilities. Therefore it is vital to know the function of the stadia. This study explores the perceptions of Local Municipalities on the World Cup stadia contribution towards the legacy of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The study poses the following research question: How do facility managers at Local Municipalities in South Africa perceive the function of the 2010 FIFA World Cup stadia as part of the legacy of the tournament?
Sport as cultural capital in the South African Police Service
(University of Pretoria, 2016) Goslin, Anneliese E. (Anna Elizabeth); sechead.sportrec@saps.gov.za; Mohlamonyane, Letsebe Hendrik
This study has been undertaken to analyse the potential of sport as cultural capital in the South African Police Service. There is a need to determine the role of sport in the SAPS and its realisation as a cultural capital and to also find out why the SAPS does not fully realise sport as Cultural Capital. The study offers an understanding of aspects of law enforcement agency sport, cultural and social capital, social cohesion, the social role of sport, sport governance, political power and struggle and sport policy in the SAPS. A review of relevant literature dealing with sport in the law enforcement agencies, cultural and social capital and sport policy was carried out. The sources to gather information embody: books, magazines, articles, newspapers, Government media reports, journals and information from the internet. Single stage sampling procedure was used as the researcher has access to names in the population and can sample the people or other elements directly (Creswell, 2009). A schedule of questions served as the main data collection tool, and it was piloted on ten per cent of the members of the population who did not serve in the final sample of respondents. This exercise assisted in validating the questions. The qualitative study was done with face-to-face semi-structured interviews to get the views of SAPS sport participants relating to SAPS sport. The questions schedule was used to conduct face-to-face interviews to collect data analysed using Atlas ti. SAPS sport contributes towards the accrual of cultural capital within the South African Police Service, but with an exception of language culture, embodied cultural capital and objectified cultural capital. The study concludes that workplace sport has a positive influence on employees' performance and it contributes significantly towards the high level of employees' commitment to the organisation. Police officers should be given opportunities to be involved in sport and recreation activities within the working environment. SAPS should ensure that proper resources are provided and are made easily accessible to enable employees to participate in sport regardless of rank. All police personnel should be exposed to opportunities that are there because of participation in sport in the work environment. SAPS top management should give full support to all members who are interested in participating in sport because of the benefits that are accrued when taking part in sport. Proper sport structures should be put in place at all levels of SAPS sphere of operations so that there should not be communication breakdown in relation to sport issues.
Habit(us) values and mindfulness among elite athletes
(University of Pretoria, 2016) Steyn, Ben J.M. (Barend Johannes Marthinus); frick.denise@gmail.com; Frick, Denise
This study aimed at exploring the possible impact that habits, values and mindfulness can have on an athlete's achievement of success. It provided a thorough understanding of these three concepts and analysed the interrelationship they might have. By examining their interconnectedness, the study found that a triadic relationship exists among habits, values and mindfulness in the sport context. The fieldwork was conducted with athletes from various performance levels. Elite athletes were represented by athletes who have continuously performed exceptionally (having won medals at Olympics, Commonwealth Championships, World Cups or Continental Championships) on the international stage. These athletes formed part of the first phase of this study. Athletes performing on club-, provincial- and national level were the participants in the second phase of the study. The study found that athletes from the four performance levels experienced habits, values and mindfulness differently. Certain core habits and values were present among the different athlete populations. Elite athletes identified visualisation, simplicity, simulation training and pre-performance routines as crucial habits in their respective sports. The elite athletes indicated the importance of behavioural consistency and that they tend to behave in a manner that is consistent with their values and to hold themselves accountable to those values. Although there were similarities, the strength of similar habits differed among the athletes from the different levels of performance. In general, the three strongest habits among the four different performance levels, were the habits of responsiveness, discipline and resilience. The club-, provincial- and national athletes valued interpersonal relationships such as loyalty, commitment and respect for others, higher than values that are more inclined to assist in individual satisfaction and needs. Though the differences were not statistical significant, it might be interesting to note that the national athletes scored higher on values such as self-direction, universalism and benevolence. Club athletes scored higher on values such as hedonism and tradition. The role of mindfulness in the attainment of success received varied emphasis from the club-, provincial-, national- and elite athletes. The elite athletes identified mindfulness as a key element in the maintenance of a successful long-term sport career. The elite athletes linked mindfulness and visualisation with the understanding that the two concepts are interconnected and that mindfulness might be aided by the practice of visualisation. The club-, provincial- and national athletes identified a link between the habit of focusing and mindfulness, indicating that focusing assists them in heightening their awareness levels in situations. Athletes from the varying performance levels referred to mental skills concepts as habits. They distinguished between behavioural habits as well as mental skills habits. Correlation assessments were conducted to assess for links between habits, values and mindfulness. Twenty eight correlations were found between the assessed habits and values. Five correlations were found between values and mindfulness variables. Forty two correlations were found between habits and mindfulness variables. Qualitative and quantitative research methods were used to gather the data. The results indicated that the development of athletes on all levels of performance can be enhanced by being attentive to the habits, values and mindfulness levels of athletes. The recommendations provided by this study will provide options to enhance performance levels and possibly contribute to the holistic development of athletes in South Africa, Africa and the broader sport fraternity.
The significance of sport in youth development through youth camps in rural communities in South Africa
(University of Pretoria, 2016) Goslin, Anneliese E. (Anna Elizabeth); leepilem@live.com; Motlhaolwa, Leepile Cyril
There is growing concern about the future of today s youth. Concerns result from an increase in adolescent problem behaviours which are related to delinquency, drug use and alcohol abuse and also due to changing social forces, both parents working, single parent homes and increases in youth unsupervised time at home alone. Youth development is part of the government, and various other stakeholders portfolios, and priority. Sport and recreation youth camps could serve as a vehicle for youth development for young people across South Africa to come together and use the power of sport and recreation to tackle the complex issues which challenge them and explore various initiatives to overcome multiple youth challenges (SASR, 2012). The overall aim of this study was to explore the perceived contribution of sport to youth development at sport and recreation youth camps in rural communities in South Africa. A literature review in sport-for-development and youth development was used to identify and draw comparisons between good practices and sport and recreation youth camps perceived outcomes. This study used a qualitative, descriptive approach to pose the following research question: Does sport in sport and recreation youth camps contribute to the perceived personal development of rural youths in South Africa? Based on the abovementioned research question, it was hypothesised that youths perceive sport as contributing to personal development and sport and recreation youth camps reflect good organisational practices. Results of the study included perceived personal development outcomes, social development skills resulting from participating in sport and recreation youth camps and good practices for effective utilisation of sport as a vehicle to achieve youth development. Overall results obtained from the interviews revealed that sport in sport and recreation youth camps provided rural community youth with opportunity to develop personal and social skills. The conclusion of the study confirmed that youths perceive sport as contributing to personal development during sport and recreation youth camps and indicated that a number of good practices for youth development were not reflected. The study concludes with recommending that Sport and Recreation South Africa examine barriers that may unintentionally exclude individuals and groups eligible to participate in sport and recreation youth camps and developing strategies to address those barriers, develop strategic partnership with other government departments, sport organisations, NGOs and private sector to achieve desired outcomes. Implications for further study focus on sustainability of sport and recreation youth camps; support of ongoing learning and continuous programme improvement; monitoring and evaluation of sport and recreation youth camps: and quality of youth camps leadership.
Challenges for sustainable talent detection identification and development in selected sporting codes in Mamelodi Tshwane Primary Schools
(University of Pretoria, 2016) Van Wyk, Johannes G.U.; Goslin, Anneliese E. (Anna Elizabeth); manbopane.jacob@gmail.com; Manamela, Mankopane Jacob
The influence of sport serves a vital purpose in changing human lives, from a social, cognitive, political, health and spiritual perspective. In addition, sport contributes to personal development, fun and enjoyment and, achievement and contributes to ethical values (Lee, Whitehead, Ntoumanis, & Hatzigeorgiadis, 2008). Sport faces numerous challenges in South Africa. It is the purpose of this study to focus on helping learners, coaches and administrators to develop talent from a young age and create awareness of the application of nurturing athletes at an early age. The Department of Sport and Recreation South Africa (SRSA) developed a key policy document (the National Sport and Recreation Plan) (NSRP) that aims to transform sport and aligns with the National Development Plan (NDP) that aims to revive physical education and sport in schools. The significance of school sport as a vehicle for access and opportunity to an active lifestyle at an early age, particularly in soccer, rugby and netball, is recognised by SRSA. The use and application of science in enhancing, identifying and channelling sporting talent at an early age is prevalent (Côté, Lidor, Hackfort, Vaeyens, Güllich, Warr & Philippaerts, 2009). Children learn a broad range of fundamental, emotional and physical skills that could contribute to their later specialisation in a given sport. Due to the lack of appropriate soccer, netball and rugby coaching knowledge and the seemingly un-co-ordinated and ad hoc approach to talent detection, identification and development in these sports in Mamelodi Primary Schools in Tshwane, it becomes difficult to institutionalise these sporting codes optimally at school level. The researcher argues that identifying these challenges it might contribute to facilitating the desired enabling environment for sustainable talent detection, identification and development in primary schools in Mamelodi, Tshwane. Therefore, the research question proposed for this study is the following: Why is soccer, netball and rugby talent not sustainably detected, identified and developed at an early age among primary school learners in Mamelodi? The overall aim of this study is to identify and describe challenges for sustainable talent detection, identification and development in soccer, netball and rugby in Mamelodi Tshwane Primary Schools. In order to achieve the research aim, the following specific objectives are set for the selected sporting codes (soccer, netball and rugby): Establish key success factors for sustainable talent detection, identification and development in selected sporting codes. Perform a situation analysis of talent detection, identification and development systems in selected sporting codes in Mamelodi Primary Schools. Identify challenges that prevent sustainable talent detection, identification and development in Mamelodi Primary Schools. Propose a sustainable strategy to guide talent detection, identification and development in selected sporting codes in Mamelodi Primary Schools to contribute to the achievement of the strategic objectives of the NSRP. The research follows a qualitative design method that gathers insight into coaches perceptions of challenges that prevent sustainable soccer, netball and rugby talent detection, identification and development in the focus area of Mamelodi Primary Schools. Furthermore, the researcher used a structured interview to uncover challenges in detection, identification and development in the selected codes. The research population for this study is soccer, netball and rugby coaches. A total of nine (n=9) coaches was sampled. The Humanities Research Ethics Committee (ResEthics) of the University of Pretoria approved the research prior to the commencement of data collection. The results confirmed that there was no significant relationship between the participation of coaches in sport and the influence they had in coaching learners at school. A minority of the coaches confirmed they had minimal participation in their sporting code, which places a greater influence in the detection, identification and development and nurturing of talented rugby, soccer and netball players. The coaches experience and qualifications have a significant relationship to athlete development. In this study only a majority of soccer and netball coaches have the required coaching experience whereas the rugby coaches have minimum coaching experience. The findings emphasise the importance of and the need for proper systems such as training and development of coaches in areas such as coaching, tactics and techniques, as they do not have sufficient experience and the formal qualifications required to coach the athletes. The study concludes that coaches lack the knowledge and the ability to apply motor-related fitness skills, the required protocols to measure them and in addition the implications for athlete development. The majority of the coaches indicated an ability to understand and identify the technical skills used in their respective codes.
The struggles to deracialise South African sport : a historical overview
(University of Pretoria, 2016) Goslin, Anneliese E. (Anna Elizabeth); Van Wyk, Johannes G.U.; Nongogo, P.
This study examines struggles to deracialise South African sport. In the Colonial era and under Apartheid, sport has been racialised in South Africa, due to being entwined with the colour bar and later, the Apartheid political system. The struggles for political freedom and non-racial sport were therefore intertwined. These struggles evolved in methods and tactics with time given their duration and complexity. This thesis aims to undertake a historical overview of the struggles to deracialise South African sport, which culminated into the sport boycott in the 1970s. This is critical for history teaches people respect for insights from the past.1 Britain, South Africa’s strategic partner, became the main target of black people’s2 diplomatic efforts after 1910. By the late 1940s and 1950s, hopes for British support had shifted to the United Nations (UN) and its new African member States and the Olympic Movement. Inside South Africa, the Liberation Movement and the Non-Racial Sport Movement (NRSM) begun to emerge as a coherent force. The NRSM approached and petitioned the International sport Federations (IFs), the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and local white-only sport bodies. South Africa’s official participation in the Olympic Games between 1908 and 1960 “excluded” black sportspersons in its teams and the struggles to challenge the status quo were initiated in the 1940s and were intensified in the 1950s. These struggles were halted in the early 1990s, paving the way for South Africa’s controversial re-admission into the Olympic family in 1992. Literature surveyed outlines the struggle to deracialise South African sport and an analysis of the impact of the latter on South Africa’s transforming sport landscape and society was undertaken. This study is grounded in a qualitative, historical and descriptive research design, with the aim of generating a body of literature and contextualising the sport struggles and the subsequent sport boycott campaigns. The latter was undertaken against the backdrop of the transition; from the era that was characteristic of application of Colour-bar and Apartheid sport policies and practices thereof, to the era of the ideal - egalitarian, non-racial and social democratic sport landscape.
Measuring physical activity in South African primary school children : a self-report questionnaire versus pedometer testing
(University of Pretoria, 2015) Nolte, Kim; Steyn, Ben J.M. (Barend Johannes Marthinus); jeff.malan@up.ac.za; Malan, Guillaume Francois
The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing in South Africa and can be linked to decreased physical activity (PA). It is therefore important to be able to accurately measure children’s PA levels. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether children in grades two and three are able to self-report PA by means of a questionnaire. Fifty-eight participants (28 females, 30 males) from a primary school in Gauteng were recruited for the study. The participants had to wear a pedometer (Omron HJ-720) for seven days after which they completed the Physical Activity Questionnaire for older Children (PAQ-C). The average steps per day were 9289, with weekday steps (10 219) being more than weekend steps (6795). The mean (±SD) score for the PAQ-C was 3.14 ± 0.47. There was a significant moderate correlation (r = 0.49; p < 0.01) between the overall PAQ-C score and average steps per day. Therefore the PAQ-C can be an effective way in which to gain insight into PA levels in children but should not replace objective measures of PA. The participants in this study appear to be accumulating insufficient PA over the course of the week.

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