Theses and Dissertations (University of Pretoria)

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Reforming reformed church polity in South Africa's Black Reformed Churches (RCSA) : an African decolonial approach
Mudau, Ndidzulafhi (University of Pretoria, 2024-08)
The issue of decolonising the Reformed church polity in Africa and South Africa has its roots in the history of colonialism and missionary activity on the continent. The black Reformed churches in South Africa still operate primarily from within the Europe mindset especially in terms of church polity which implies that any region outside of Europe must follow the European model for conducting all religious activities. The utilisation of aims objectives and research questions facilitated to the elucidation of the problem and the development of strategies aimed at the decolonisation of Reformed church polity. This process enhances its relevance and imbue it with an African perspective. The study primarily concentrated on the methodology of a literature review, utilising the information collected to integrate African decolonial theories and the praxis framework into the polity of the Reformed church. The literature review provides a comprehensive analysis of current scholarly discourse and research pertaining to relevant subject matter. The study's population of interest was comprised of individuals dyads groups organisations or other churches who seek to comprehend the present system and to whom the study outcomes can be extrapolated or applied. Given that the study was theoretical and interpretive in nature it is unnecessary to seek informed consent. The study aims to employ a praxis-based approach in conjunction with a theoretical framework to devise a potentially pertinent decolonised church polity that ensure effective governance and order in the black Reformed churches of South Africa. The focus of chapter one introduced the study on the reformation of church polity in the black Reformed churches of South Africa (RCSA) with a specific focus on employing an African decolonial perspective. The main focus of chapter 2 of this study involved a comprehensive assessment of relevant academic literature and church documents. The purpose of chapter 2 was to enhance understanding of the phenomenon being investigated, specifically the evaluation of the decolonisation strategy in reforming the Reformed Church governance within the black RCSA. The main aim of chapter 3 was to investigate the origins of the decolonisation notion and to assess the importance of these objectives in current discussions surrounding the decolonisation of the black Reformed church government. The primary objective of chapter 4 was to analyse the theories proposed by theologians from Western and African backgrounds to develop a full comprehension and theoretical framework for the concept of Reformed church polity. Chapter 5 was the conclusion where the researcher summarised chapters 1-5 with the aim of developing the decolonised church polity for the black Reformed Churches in South Africa. The discovery pertaining to the structure of church governance represents a fusion of Biblical tenets and human cognitive viewpoints, harmoniously culminating in a framework that governs and steers the whole functioning of the church. The present study has revealed the significance of incorporating Frantz Fanon's theory on decolonising the mind and the liberation of oppressed individuals within the context of the black RCSA (racialised and colonised social and academic) community. The present study has discovered that the notion put forth by Ngugi wa Thiong'o on the decolonisation of literature possesses considerable potency and the capacity to effect profound change. The black RCSA would benefit from a church polity that facilitates effective communication, addresses their unique challenges and concerns, and also accommodates their native tongue. A highlevel overview of the proposals for a decolonised form of government in an African context that can assist the black RCSA. There is a desire for the black Reformed Church in South Africa (RCSA) to adopt a decolonised church polity, thereby ensuring its alignment with the specific needs and context of the black church community.
Optimisation of Energy Storage to Reduce CO2 Emissions
Mthembu, Mpho M (University of Pretoria, 2015)
The penetration of PV solar energy in South Africa is driven by lower cost and government policies which support the development of renewable energy projects. Most of the renewable energy sources like wind and solar which are produced in large scale are intermittent and need to be stored for future use. The penetration of renewable energy sources without effective energy storage can cause grid instability, unstable power supply and loss of generated cleaner energy which is required to offset CO2 emissions. Energy storage technologies can help to integrate higher penetrations of low-carbon renewable energy into the electric system. A number of utility-scale energy storage technologies are being developed, including compressed air energy storage, electrochemical batteries and capacitors, and flywheel energy storage. Among the bulk energy options, pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES) is the most widely deployed utility-scale energy storage technology A simplified optimisation model was developed using General Algebraic Modelling System (GAMS) to determine the optimum energy storage capacity that is required to reduce CO2 emissions. To our knowledge, this is the first time such an assessment has been reported since majority of optimisation model focuses on the cost rather than CO2 emissions. These results will provide the power utility with key results to reduce CO2 emissions without considering the cost of the energy storage.
Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with conifer-infesting bark beetles in China
Chang, Runlei (University of Pretoria, 2019-04-24)
Ophiostomatoid fungi are causal agents of blue stain in wood and are commonly associated with bark beetles and their phoretic mites. Some ophiostomatoid species are tree pathogens and together with their beetle vectors they can dramatically change forest structures. Although the majority of these fungi are not pathogens, they may reduce the value of timber because of the stain they cause. More than 350 ophiostomatoid species have been described globally, of which 48 have been reported from China. China has in excess of 2 million km2 of forests, accounting for 22% of the country’s surface area. These forests harbour over 2800 tree species. The main hypothesis of this thesis was that Chinese forests harbour many as yet undescribed species of ophiostomatoid fungi. The aim was thus to explore and characterize the diversity of these fungi in China, focusing on conifer-infesting bark beetle ecosystems in four provinces.
A survey of plants used to treat livestock diseases in the Mnisi community, Mpumalanga, South Africa, and investigation of their antimicrobial activity
Khunoana, Edward Thato (University of Pretoria, 2018-11)
Livestock owners in developing countries with limited access to expensive orthodox veterinary services have been using ethnoveterinary practices for animal healthcare for generations. The knowledge is passed on from generation to generation orally, but there is a concern that as time goes on the information may be lost or inadequate information may be passed on to future generations, thus there is an urgent need to document the available knowledge of ethnoveterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to document and investigate plant species that are used as ethnoveterinary medicine by the Mnisi community at Bushbuckridge in Mpumalanga Province. Following the Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) guidelines, a survey was conducted to document the plant species that are used as ethnoveterinary medicine within the Mnisi community. It was found that older males from the age of 40 were more knowledgeable than females and young people. Plant remedies were more frequently used than pharmaceutical drugs, with cattle being the dominantly treated animals. Eleven plant species belonging to seven families were reported by the farmers, and fresh plants from the wild were commonly used to prepare the remedies. The remedies were prepared as decoctions, infusions, pastes and extracted sap. Frequently used plants were selected and tested for their antibacterial (against planktonic and biofilm forms), antifungal, antimycobacterial and cytotoxic activity. Traditional extraction (decoctions and infusions prepared with tap water) and organic solvent extraction (extracts prepared in the laboratory using distilled water and acetone) were used to prepare the extracts which were tested against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis. Out of all the tested samples the acetone extracts had better antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from as low as 0.09 to 0.27 mg/ml compared to the samples extracted using traditional methods (decoctions and infusion). However, water extracts had the highest antifungal activity with MIC values ranging from 0.02 to 2.50 mg/ml compared to organic solvent extracts which had MIC values ranging from 0.63 to 2.50 mg/ml. Water extracts also had the highest antimycobacterial activity compared to acetone, with MIC values ranging from 0.02 to 1.2 mg/ml. Elephantorrhiza obliqua acetone extract had the best antibacterial activity with an MIC value of 0.09 mg/ml against P. aeruginosa, while E. obliqua water extracts had the highest antifungal activity with MIC values of 0.02 to 0.04 mg/ml against Aspergillus fumigatus. Schotia brachypetala acetone extracts inhibited Enterococcus faecalis biofilm by 113% and 135% at zero and 24 hours of bacterial growth respectively, while E. obliqua acetone extracts had values of 64% and 83% at these time periods, indicating that they were good inhibitors of biofilm formation and also had the capacity to act against mature biofilms. Seven out of nine tested plant extracts (78%) were non-toxic to moderately cytotoxic while only two plant extracts were relatively toxic against Vero cells. Aloe marlothii (infusion) and Schotia brachypetala (aqueous extract) were non-toxic with the highest IC50 values of 0.205 mg/ml and 0.105 mg/ml respectively.The selectivity index was used to relate the cytotoxicity to the antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts. Most of the plant extracts had values below 10 against all the tested microbes, implying that the biological activity of the plant extracts may be associated with toxicity. However it must be noted that toxicity in vitro might not translate to toxicity in vivo, thus in vivo studies must be carried out qualify the toxicity. In summary, plants were used in the Mnisi community for the treatment of common diseases in livestock. Only a few plant species were used, but these plant species used by the Mnisi community were related in some cases to those used in nearby areas such as the Vhembe region (Luseba and Tshisikhawe, 2013) and the Greater Giyani district (Luseba and Van der Merwe, 2006). Traditionally prepared remedies were generally more active against fungi and mycobacteria and less active against bacteria. They were also less toxic than the organic solvent extracts. However, in vivo studies are also necessary to support the traditional use of the remedies against diseases in livestock in terms of validating the efficacy but also assessing their potential toxicity.
The tension between Correctional officials and incarcerated persons: A pastoral challenge
Manganye, Fredolene J. (University of Pretoria, 2024-11)
The Vision of the Department of Correctional Services is “Contributing to a just, peaceful and safer South Africa through effective and humane incarceration of incarcerated persons, rehabilitation and social reintegration of offenders.” In other words, the department sees itself in contributing positively to make and feel South Africans safe, including the correctional official and the incarcerated persons (sentenced and unsentenced). Considering the reality that corrections exposes one to often violent situations, this is a vision that might become difficult to achieve. As Muntingh (2009:5) alludes when quoting White, “Few would argue that prisons are violent places and South Africa is no exception. Prisoners face a substantial risk of being coerced, assaulted, raped and even killed at the hands of prison officials and fellow prisoners. Officials also face a substantial risk of violent victimisation by prisoners. Even though the Correctional Services Act and case law are clear that it is the duty of the state to ensure safe custody and to maintain standards of human dignity, violence and the threat of violence forms an integral part of the prison experience and is, as White argues, a sustaining component of the punitive function of imprisonment”. The research will seek to determine the contributory factors for the tension that exists between the correctional official and the offender and how the role of pastoral care can turn the situation around to positively contribute to an enhanced relationship, that will ultimately make South Africa safer for all citizens.
From empowerment to emancipation : an exploration of design citizenship through design activism in South Africa
Cassim, Fatima (University of Pretoria, 2019-02-21)
Owing to the ubiquity of design in contemporary culture, there is a!proliferation!of!new!roles!for! design!especially!within!the!context!of!design!for!the!common!good;!one!such!example!includes! design!activism,!which!aims!to!instil!and!enable social,!environmental!and!political!agency!among! citizens.!However,!unlike!design!activism,!design!citizenship!is!a!new!concept!that!lacks!a!concrete! theoretical!framework.!Accordingly,!this!thesis!uses!a!constructivist!grounded!theory!methodology! to!present!a!substantive!theory!of!design!citizenship by!exploring!the!relationship!between!design! activism!and!citizenship in!South!Africa.!For!data!generation!purposes,!the!fieldwork!comprised!an! analysis!of!design!interventions!that!addressed!pertinent!social!issues!faced!by!citizens!in!two!cities,! namely Pretoria!and!Cape!Town.!To!this!end,!openHended!interviews!were!held!with!the!research! participants,!who!included!participants,!facilitators!and!sponsors!(corporate!and!nonHcorporate)!of!a! sample!of!design!interventions.!The!empirical!evidence!generated!through!the!grounded!theory! process!points!towards!a!YHshaped!model!of!design!citizenship!that!situates!the!social!phenomenon! of!design!citizenship!at!the!intersection!of!design!activism!and!critical!citizenship,!and!thereby! suggests!the!causal!relationship between!the!two.!The!model!comprises!three!overarching! processes, namely awakening awareness, igniting agency and sustaining a design thinking impetus. The disruptive and transformative!nature!of!design!citizenship,!facilitated!by!these!three!processes! over a sustained!period!of!time, suggests that design provides!common!ground for citizens which in turn affords them with an opportunity to move from being merely empowered to being emancipated
Tick-borne haemoparasite occurrence and Anaplasma bovis strain diversity in eastern rock sengis (Elephantulus myurus)
Jacobs, Roanda (University of Pretoria, 2018-12)
Studying the relationships of parasites with their vertebrate hosts is important as they improve our knowledge on the ecology of diseases of veterinary and zoonotic importance. Eastern rock sengis (Elephantulus myurus) are small insectivores endemic to Africa that are known to have higher tick burdens than other small mammal species. Studies have shown that E. myurus from South Africa harbour an Anaplasma bovis-like strain, a rickettsial pathogen of cattle. Anaplasma bovis infects host monocytes causing monocytic- and bovine anaplasmosis. The role of rock sengi as reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens has not been fully investigated. In addition, the phylogenetic position of the described A. bovis-like strain is unclear as genetic data are currently limited to the highly conserved 16S rRNA gene and studies are constrained by difficulties with cultivation of tick-borne Anaplasmataceae. The aim of the current study was, therefore, to determine the tick-borne haemoparasite diversity in rock sengi and to expand molecular characterization of the A. bovis-like strain in rock sengi (henceforth referred to as A. bovis-like (sengi)), using a more phylogenetically informative gene region. The specific objectives were to (i) screen blood samples for the presence of Theileria, Babesia, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma spp. using the Reverse Line Blot (RLB) hybridization assay, and (ii) to determine the taxonomic position of the A. bovis strain present in rock sengis by PCRscreening of additional rock sengi samples using 16S rRNA and GroEL assays, optimised for specific detection of the A. bovis-like (sengi) variant, in combination with Sanger sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Genomic DNA extracted from 160 eastern rock sengi blood samples collected from the Goro Game Reserve, Limpopo Province (n=112) and Ezemvelo Nature Reserve, Gauteng (n=48), South Africa, as part of previous studies, was subjected to the RLB hybridization assay and further molecular characterization. The RLB hybridization assay results revealed that PCR products hybridized with the Theileria/Babesia genus-specific probe in 5% (n=8) of the samples and with the Anaplasma/Ehrlichia genus-specific probe in 31.9% (n=51) of he samples. A total of 86 (53.8%) of the samples tested negative or below the level of detection of the assay; none of the PCR products hybridized with any species-specific probes. Alignment of the near full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences of the A. bovis-like strain previously identified in rock sengi (Harrison et al., 2013) revealed that the A. bovis RLB probe differed at three nucleotide sites under the probe area explaining why the species-specific A. bovis RLB probe failed to hybridise. A new RLB probe was designed on the basis of available 16S rDNA sequences, to allow for the specific detection of the sengi-associated A. bovis-like strains. This custom-designed A. bovis-like (sengi) probe was subsequently used to screen a subset (n=108) of the original eastern rock sengi samples that previously tested RLB positive for the Anaplasma/Ehrlichia genus-specific probe. Despite the custom-design of the probe, only 17 (15.7%) tested positive. The parasite 16S rRNA and GroEL genes were subsequently amplified, purified and sequenced from the 17 A. bovis-like (sengi) RLB positive samples and two previously negative samples. A total of twelve 16S rDNA and eight GroEL sequences were generated. Gene trees were inferred using the Neighbour-joining algorithm, prior to more rigorous Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inferences, using appropriate models of sequence evolution and priors, respectively. BLASTn homology searches showed that the obtained 16S rDNA sequences had 99% sequence identity with A. bovis (Accession no: U03775) previousl described in South Africa, while the GroEL sequences were 88% identical to an uncultured Anaplasma sp. identified in a raccoon (Accession no: JN588562). The phylogenetic analyses revealed that the sequences were most closely related to A. bovis type sequences, but were sufficiently genetically distinct to represent a novel species. In contrast, the 16S rDNA results revealed that the novel sengi-associated Anaplasma lineage falls within an unresolved, polyphyletic lineage that includes A. bovis. Little is known about this sengi-associated variant that is closely related to A. bovis. However, given the relatedness to a pathogen of animal health concern it is important to establish the pathogenicity of this species in order to determine its potential impact on animal and/or human health. It is also imperative that more phylogenetic studies should be performed to clearly place this A. bovis-like (sengi) species within the broader genus Anaplasma phylogeny.
DRGH antenna with improved gain and beamwidth performance
Gerber, Monique (University of Pretoria, 2018-09)
Double Ridge Gain Horn (DRGH) antennas are used widely in test facilities for gain standards and source antennas, more specifically in ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) testing. The capability of the DRGH antenna to obtain a relatively constant 3 dB and 10 dB beamwidth, within the operating frequency band of 1-18 GHz, deems it appropriate for these applications. The ridges form an essential part of the DRGH antenna and are selected to focus on during this investigation. It was hypothesised that by changing both the profile and width of the ridges across the axial length of the DRGH antenna will improve the gain and beamwidth performance. The starting point was determined by selecting a DRGH antenna that adhered to the EMC requirements. An accurate numerical model was developed of the 1-18 GHz DRGH antenna and used as the box dimensions. The ridges were then improved by implementing the elliptical profile and tapering out the width linearly. Based on the results observed of the prototype DRGH antenna developed the hypothesis was confirmed with the improved ridges implemented.
Sorghum-soya biscuits: effect of repeated exposure on consumers’ acceptability
Chimuti, Nomsa (University of Pretoria, 2018-09)
The imbalance between the demand and supply of wheat in Africa has created a need for utilisation of climate smart African cereal grains such as sorghum in the production of a variety of products. However, sorghum as an ingredient is unfamiliar in the South African commercial biscuit market hence thorough consumer acceptability research before any product launch is vital. Traditional consumer sensory research methods to determine consumer acceptability of novel foods might not be sufficient because the measurements are usually limited to immediate impressions. Therefore, a better prediction of acceptability of novel foods such as sorghum biscuits is expected when employing repeated exposure consumer tests. The first part of the study was done to develop suitable wheat only (control), sorghum only, sorghum-soya and wheat-soya biscuits and characterise the physical, textural properties of these biscuits prior to consumer testing. Adjustments of the formulations, dough handling and baking parameters were necessary to cope with the different properties of the respective flours and doughs. In terms of the physical characteristics, wheat only biscuits were heavier and thicker than the sorghum-soya biscuits. This could be ascribed to the elasticity of the wheat dough which caused the dough to spring back after sheeting resulting in biscuits that are thick and heavy. Wheat biscuits were also found to be harder than sorghum-based and wheat-soya biscuits. Biscuits containing sorghum or soya flour were darker (lower L* value) and with more redness (higher a* value) than the wheat-based biscuits. Increased redness in sorghum biscuits was due to the red-pericarp layer of the red non-tannin sorghum flour that was used for preparation of the biscuits. The darkness in sorghum-based biscuits is attributable to the dark brown colour of sorghum flour. The increased yellowness (b*) in wheat-based biscuits attributed to the wheat endosperm which has a pale yellow colour. The second objective of this research was to determine the hedonic adjustment potential of the novel sorghum biscuits through conducting repeated exposure testing of biscuits by young adults. Four biscuit formulations used as test material were 100 % sorghum, 100 % wheat, 70:30 sorghum-soya and 70:30 wheat-soya on a flour component base. Participants (n = 155) were randomly allocated to five experimental groups of 31 each. One group did not receive biscuits to consumer for 20 days and this group was called the non-exposure group. The participants in the remaining four groups were given 20 biscuits (1 biscuit type per group) to taste and evaluate, one biscuit per day, for 20 days. All participants however evaluated all four biscuit formulations during the pre-exposure, post-exposure and follow-up test sessions. 100 % sorghum and sorghum-soya biscuits were regarded as unfamiliar or novel biscuits. For the group that was repeatedly exposed to sorghum-soya biscuits for 20 days, significant increases in liking of sorghum-soya biscuits during the 20-day exposure phase were observed when results of the pre-exposure session were compared to that of the 20-day exposure phase. Results also showed that there was a decrease in liking of 100 % wheat biscuits on day 1 of the 20-day exposure phase for the group that was repeatedly exposed to 100 % wheat biscuits for 20 days when the pre-exposure results were compared to that of the 20-day exposure phase. The decrease in liking for 100 % wheat biscuits is probably due to the fact that, wheat biscuits were indeed not complex to consumers hence exposure to a non-complex stimuli led to boredom and product boredom has been attributed to the decrease in liking of food products during repeated exposure. On the contrary, results obtained from the sorghum-soya group might be due to the fact that the sorghum-soya biscuits were too complex for consumers but over time the complexity or novelty factor gradually reduced which caused an increase in appreciation of sorghum-soya biscuits. The non-exposure group rated wheat-soya biscuits higher than the group that was exposed to wheat-soya biscuits for 20 days. These results could have happened because of product irritation which occurred to the group that was exposed to wheat-soya biscuits for 20 days. Although 50 % of participants showed high neophobic tendencies, food neophobia propensities did not have an effect on liking of all biscuit formulations. This is might have occurred because, 82 % of the participants indicated that they were familiar with sorghum thus their neophobic tendencies did not have an effect on liking of sorghum-soya or 100 % sorghum biscuits. Findings from this study demonstrate that repeated exposure can be used as a strategy for predicting long-term preferences and potential acceptance of sorghum-soya biscuits. Results also demonstrated that exposure to familiar products can lead to product boredom which causes a decrease in liking.
Bacteriophage diversity of Panton-Valentine leukocidine positive clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates identified in South Africa and Nigeria
Mogale, Remoratile (University of Pretoria, 2018-12)
The Panton-Valentine leukocidine (PVL) gene, encoding for a cytolytic toxin was previously considered unique to community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CAMRSA) strains. This bi-component toxin is conferred by the lukS-PV and lukF-PV genes, residing in the genome of icosahedral-or-elongated head shaped bacteriophage types. Through horizontal gene transfer (HGT), the PVL gene has been spread among healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus strains (MSSA). Thirteen PVL-encoding bacteriophage types have been reported, however, only ten have been described using an extended III Part PCR-based typing scheme. Panton-Valentine leukocidine-positive S. aureus strains have been reported in South Africa and Nigeria, however, there is limited data on the bacteriophage types circulating in these countries. The PVL-encoding bacteriophage types were investigated, following the PVL-positive screening multiplex-PCR (M-PCR) assay. Part I of the PCR-based typing scheme grouped the bacteriophage types into one of three morphology head groups. All three morphology groups were detected with the icosahedral head group II morphology, predominating among the isolates from South Africa and Nigeria. In some isolates more than one bacteriophage morphology head group was observed. The second part of the PCR-based typing scheme linked the specific morphology tail genes to the lukS/F-PV genes, to discriminate between PVL-encoding and non-PVL encoding bacteriophage types. However, this assay was not able to distinguish between the PVL-encoding and non-PVL encoding bacteriophage types. This was a limitation of the second part (Part II) of the PCR-based typing scheme. Part III of the PCR-based typing scheme identified the specific PVL-encoding bacteriophage types and detected seven of the ten bacteriophage types. Three bacteriophage types; ΦSa2USA-like, ΦPVL-like and Φ108PVL-like were predominant in South Africa and ΦSa2USA-like, Φ108PVL-like and ΦPVL-like were predominant in Nigeria. Nineteen percent (13/70) of the S. aureus isolates were non-typeable with this scheme. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed bacteriophage types belonging to icosahedral head group I and the elongated group. No icosahedral head group II bacteriophage types were observed. The TEM showed multiple bacteriophage types and bacteriophage tails in one of the representative isolates, confirming that S. aureus strains may harbour more than one bacteriophage type. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) identified seven novel bacteriophage types (including four PVL-encoding and three non-PVL encoding) and partial sequences of the lukS/F-PV genes in all the isolates. Non-PVL-encoding bacteriophage types carried the lukE/D genes, with 91% and 94% sequence homology to the lukS/F-PV genes, indicating that the screening M-PCR assay also detected the lukE/D genes. The clinical significance of these genes has not yet been reported but may explain the debate regarding the role of the PVL toxin in S. aureus infections. The detection of partial lukS/F-PV sequences may explain why patients with these PVL-positive S. aureus infections show a less severe clinical picture compared to what has been reported in the literature. The PCR-assays used in this study were valuable screening and typing tools but showed several limitations. Whole-genome sequencing provided important and new data regarding novel bacteriophages and the truncated sequences of the PVL gene. The current PCR-based typing scheme can be improved with the inclusion of this new data.
Religio-Political perspective of radical Islamic movements in Africa
Nel, Jade G (University of Pretoria, 2024-09)
N/A
Heil, Rechtfertigung und Heiligung im Römerbrief
Derflinger, Christian (University of Pretoria, 2024-04)
N/A
The effect of infra slow frequency neurofeedback on quantitative electroencephalogram and autonomic nervous system function in adults with anxiety and related diseases
Balt, Karlien (University of Pretoria, 2018-10-30)
Over the last decade it has been observed in clinical practice that Infra Slow Frequency (ISF) training alters clients physiological state during training. Peripheral body temperature, pupil size and breathe rate are a few examples of autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses regularly observed during ISF neurofeedback training. ISF electroencephalographic (EEG) biofeedback focusses on the low energy signals produced by the brain. This includes frequencies of less than 0.1 Hz. Evidence suggests that these slow oscillations play a role in synchronizing faster activity and modulates cortical excitability. The origins of these slow oscillations are not yet well understood but studies have indicated the involvement of the thalamus and other subcortical structures. The ANS is an important role player in maintaining sympathetic-parasympathetic and cardiovascular homeostasis. It includes vagal cholinergic and sympathetic noradrenergic nerves that supply the heart and sympathetic noradrenergic nerves that enmesh arterioles. Therefore, clinicians and researchers have long sought valid, non-invasive, quantitative means to identify patho-physiologically relevant abnormalities of these systems. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is one of the most well-known measurements. There is increasing research pointing to the clinical application of HRV in training and exercise due to its apparent result in strengthening sympathetic-parasympathetic balance. Achieving an increased HRV while doing ISF training should be a good indicator of firstly reaching a clients’ Optimum Frequency (OF) and secondly achieving a sympathetic-parasympathetic balance. This study hypothesizes that ISF training has a measurable physiological effect on an individual by measuring certain autonomic functions viz. HRV, muscle tension, skin temperature, skin conductance, heart rate, respiration rate and blood pressure. Also, to demonstrate how ISF training impacts the resting state EEG. Methods Thirty adults between the ages of 18 and 55 with primarily anxiety will receive a Quantitative Electroencephalogram (QEEG) to get a baseline value before training. The participants will then receive ISF neurofeedback training for 10 sessions while continuous monitoring of ANS changes will be done to determine if there are measurable changes. After 10 sessions we will repeat a QEEG to determine what changes occurred. The same process will be completed for a control group. The control group will receive one channel power training where Theta and High Beta activity will be inhibited at 3-7 Hz and 22-30 Hz respectively and Lo Beta 12-15 Hz activity enhanced at the C4 location on the head. Results Significant changes were seen in the skin conductance (p<0.0001), electromyography (p=0.01), very low frequency and low frequency of HRV (p=0.004 and p=0.05) and blood pressure (systolic change p=0.049; diastolic less significant p=0.083). Changes are also noted in heart rate (p=0.22), and blood volume pulse amplitude (p=0.25). These are less significant but do indicate change. In the heart rate and blood pressure a large change is noted in the standard deviation indicating a non-linear change and regression towards the mean. No significant changes were seen in the control group. Conclusion The study demonstrated that autonomic functions are affected by ISF neurofeedback training and that changes occur in the resting state EEG of participants trained.
Technological means in teaching and learning of undergraduate students in the 21st century at s nursing education institution in Tshwane
Bopape, Phonia Nambewe (University of Pretoria, 2018-10)
BACKGROUND : Twenty-first century undergraduate students are tomorrow’s leaders in the nursing profession and therefore their teaching and learning should be a priority for the nurse educators. Rapid technological changes due to globalisation, socioeconomic and political factors are challenging the nursing profession to refine nurse education, training and practice to quickly adapt and cope with contemporary health needs. In some nursing education institutions, the researcher observed that the nurse educators were still solely using traditional methods of teaching such as lectures, chalkboards and transparencies. In addition, these nurse educators appeared to be the only ones with knowledge and information, while students were passive receivers. In order to effectively teach undergraduate students, nurse educators need to modify traditional teaching methods to blend with 21st century teaching and learning. RESEARCH QUESTION : The question that guided the study was: What are technological means in 21st century undergraduate students’ teaching and learning at a nursing education institution in Tshwane? The study aimed to determine technological means in enhancing teaching and learning of undergraduate students in the 21st century at a nursing education institution in Tshwane. OBJECTIVES : The study sought to determine technological means in 21st century undergraduate students’ teaching and learning at a nursing education institution in Tshwane. METHODS : A quantitative, non-experimental descriptive design was used to determine technological means in 21st century undergraduate students’ teaching and learning at a nursing education institution in Tshwane. A survey was used to collect data from a sample of the population of n=800 students using a structured questionnaire. DATA ANALYSIS : Data were analysed using SAS version 9.4 statistical package. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS and quality control were maintained throughout the study. RESULTS : The projected outputs of the study were that technological means could be informed from the recommendations of the study so that nurse educator’s teaching strategies used can be reviewed and blended teaching strategies implemented, to ensure that teaching and learning of undergraduate nursing students is in line with 21st century skills. The results of the study indicated that more than 60% of respondents across all levels used a technological device in their daily learning to conduct research related to content being taught in class. More than 80% of respondents from all levels did not prefer the literature search method, which is a method that encourages active participation and critical thinking, although almost all respondents confirmed ownership and use of a technological device in their daily learning as a social norm.
The measurement characteristics of upper-quarter posture in female adolescents : a comparison between competitive freestyle swimmers and non-swimmers
Botha, Carolin-Mari (University of Pretoria, 2019-04-05)
BACKGROUND & AIM : Upper-quarter postural changes and their associated injury is a growing concern in female adolescent competitive swimmers. Postural changes in female adolescent competitive freestyle swimmers is hypothesized to develop because of high training loads, physiological and mechanical demands of freestyle swimming and its associated intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors. Studies comparing upper-quarter postural changes between highly competitive adolescent swimmers to adolescent non-swimmers have not been conducted. Therefore, the aim of this was to prospectively identify the incidence of upper-quarter postural differences in female adolescent competitive freestyle swimmers, by comparing their upper-quarter postural measurement characteristics to the upper-quarter postural measurement characteristics of female adolescent non-swimmers. METHODS : A total of 116 female adolescents were recruited for this study. Overall, 71 participants (35 evaluation group; 36 control group, mean age = 15±3 yrs) complied with the inclusion criteria. Cervical and shoulder range of motion, dynamic stability through the Y-Balance test, photographic postural analysis, and shoulder and scapular muscular strength measures were conducted on both groups. A prospective observational and comparative cross-sectional study design was used. Data was analysed using the STATA 13 software application. Quantitative data collected were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics. The One-way ANOVA was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test for non-parametric data for more than 2 groups or the Mann-Whitney test when 2 groups were compared. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to gauge differences within groups. Statistical significance was determined by P-value equal to or less than 0.05. RESULTS : Analysis showed significant differences (p≥0.05) between the EVAL and CON groups for all variables measured, except for cervical lateral flexion. When comparing the difference between groups, the EVAL group achieved lower mean scores for range of motion measures in horizontal shoulder adduction, shoulder flexion, -extension, and –internal rotation, and cervical forward flexion. Additionally, the EVAL group scored lower mean values for static upper-quarter cervical angle, protraction and retraction angle; and muscular strength measures in shoulder extension and scapular retraction, than the CON group. The EVAL group achieved higher mean scores for range of motion measures in shoulder abduction, -external rotation, cervical extension, -lateral flexion, and –lateral rotation; the mean absolute value for the Y-balance test; static upper-quarter head tilt and thoracic angles; and muscular strength measures in shoulder flexion; -external rotation; -internal rotation; -abduction; and –adduction, scapular elevation, -depression, and –protraction measures, than the CON group. Furthermore, the mean scores attained by the EVAL group for horizontal shoulder adduction (right & left = 10 deg, difference), shoulder internal rotation (right = 8 deg & left = 9 deg, difference), -extension (right = 8 deg & left = 9 deg, difference), and –flexion (right & left = 23 deg, difference) range of motion and static upper-quarter head tilt, cervical, and thoracic angles, deviated from the normative values. CONCLUSION : The significant differences in the upper-quarter characteristics noted between the EVAL and CON groups indicate that the female adolescent competitive freestyle swimmers were at greater risk of attaining a forward head – rounded shoulder posture. Subsequently, a number of the EVAL group’s measures deviated from the norm, therefore leading to the presumption that they were also at risk of injury and pain associated with the forward head – rounded shoulder posture. The results propose that the extrinsic risk factors associated with competitive swimming, may have had an influence on the upper-quarter posture of the female adolescent competitive freestyle swimmers of this study. These findings highlight the interplay between the intrinsic - and extrinsic risk factors of swimming. It is, therefore, recommended that sport scientists and coaches screen for postural changes and implement preventative strength and conditioning training sessions for their female adolescent competitive freestyle swimmers. Moreover, future research should aim at investigating the influence of the extrinsic risk factors on upper-quarter posture of both male and female adolescent competitive swimmers.
Alternative family structures within the contexts of the Seventh Day Adventist Church : A pastoral approach
Records, Lydia Elizabeth (University of Pretoria, 2024-10)
This study focuses on providing a pastoral counselling approach for Seventh Day Adventist counsellors for supporting non-nuclear families. Alternative family structures, such as stepfamilies, adoptive families, and single-parent households, have been increasing for the last few years and this is no different within the SDA church. Despite this, the SDA church has not provided counsellors with an appropriate approach to support these families. This study suggests that SDA counsellors can support alternative families with the application of Attachment-Based Therapy and Family Systems Therapy. However, before this can be applied, an understanding of both families and marriage in the Bible, as well as, of the alternative family structures, is necessary. This study addresses this by, firstly, discussing what the SDA church considers the ideal marriage and how this ideal was not always practiced throughout the Bible. Secondly, the study discusses a few of the alternative family structures that are common today.
Psalm 2 : The Davidic Kingdom's Royal Ideology
Assis, Katlego (University of Pretoria, 2024-11)
This study explored intersecting Israelite royal ideology and broader Ancient Near East (ANE) traditions in Psalm 2. The main focus was to examine how Israel’s monotheistic worldview adapted elements of ANE royal traditions to construct a unique vision of kingship. In this vision, the Davidic king was presented as both Yahweh’s earthly representative and an anointed ruler. Psalm 2 is a critical text for understanding the development of Israelite royal theology. The Psalm is significant for how it portrayed divine kingship and its theological implications across Jewish and Christian traditions. The dissertation used synchronic and diachronic methodologies to investigate how Psalm 2 incorporated universal characteristics of kingship from neighbouring cultures. These cultures included Egypt and Mesopotamia; the Psalm also redefined the characteristics to fit the context of Israel's covenantal relationship with Yahweh. The synchronic analysis focused on the text's final form, exploring its literary structure and metaphors that illustrated the king’s divine mandate to govern the nations. The king’s authority was affirmed through his close relationship with Yahweh, symbolised by divine sonship, emphasised throughout the Psalm. Metaphorical language, such as the king breaking nations "like pottery," highlighted his role as an enforcer of divine justice. The diachronic approach traced the historical evolution of these royal themes, situating them in the broader political and cultural landscape of Ancient Israel. The study found that Psalm 2 likely emerged when Israel was increasingly involved with ancient Near Eastern (ANEern) empires. The psalm reflected these interactions by depicting the king’s role in international diplomacy and warfare. This context shaped the Psalm’s imagery of kingship, where victory over foreign enemies was seen as evidence of Yahweh’s favour and the king’s divine sanction. The research also explored the theological implications of Psalm 2, especially its messianic interpretations within Jewish and Christian traditions. For Christians, Psalm 2 is often viewed as a prophetic text predicting the coming of Christ, the ultimate fulfilment of the Davidic covenant, and the establishment of a universal kingdom. The New Testament writers, such as those in Acts and Hebrews, frequently referenced Psalm 2 to highlight Jesus’ divine sonship and role as the Messiah. This messianic interpretation corresponds with the psalm’s promise of a future king who reigns over all nations, thus reinforcing its enduring theological significance. The dissertation explored the connection between Psalm 2 and other texts in the Psalter, specifically its relationship with Psalm 1. The comparison of these two psalms established a thematic connection between personal righteousness and the king's duty to uphold divine law on a national level. This connection positioned the Davidic king as the supreme ruler who governed Israel and represented Yahweh's justice for all nations. The study's findings added to the ongoing discussions about how Israelite royal ideology interacted with and differed from traditions in the ANE. The study showed that while the Psalmist borrowed from the broader cultural environment, he interpreted these elements to reflect its unique theological framework. In this framework, the king's legitimacy comes not from divine lineage, as in neighbouring cultures, but from his covenantal relationship with Yahweh. The Davidic king was not presented as a deity, as in neighbouring cultures, but as Yahweh's servant, responsible for maintaining divine justice and upholding the covenant. In conclusion, this study enhanced the current understanding of Psalm 2 as a crucial text in developing Israelite royal ideology. Analysing the psalm from both synchronic and diachronic perspectives provided a comprehensive view of how royal ideology operated in Ancient Israel and how it continues to impact religious thought today. The research also emphasised the significance of Psalm 2 in influencing messianic expectations and its enduring impact on Jewish and Christian theology. Future research could delve into a comparative study of divine kingship across the ANE, particularly concerning liturgical and political contexts. Such a study could offer more profound insights into how royal ideologies shaped social and religious identities across ancient cultures.
Jesus as diakonos in transforming urban communities : A diaconal study
Nkosi, Xolani A. (University of Pretoria, 2024-10)
The subject matter for this research is to understand Jesus as “Urban Diakonos” who serves to transform urban communities in a way that will bring wholeness and mutual benefit to the community. This research seeks to interrogate an understanding of Jesus as ‘diakonos’ with a specific meaning for the urban situation and to see how far such an understanding could shape the methods of training for urban workers, servants, and deacons. The findings of the study will hopefully contribute (i) to understanding the mission of Jesus as diakonos, (ii) to understand processes of urban community transformation, (iii) to critically reflect on the conventional praxis of urban transformation in which diaconal praxis is marginalized and (iv) to influence the processes of training and preparation of ministers of religion and urban workers. In doing the above, I propose an understanding of Jesus as an urban diakonos in contemporary society. The research paradigm will be qualitative based on the assumption of how an understanding of Jesus as “urban diakonos” can contribute to or serve to transform different communities in Msunduzi municipality. Most of the work of this research and my practice of ministry take place in the inner city of Pietermaritzburg, in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
A pastoral response to the patriarchal concept of ‘breadwinner’ with reference to Siyabuswa township
Morudu, Kagiso Harry (University of Pretoria, 2024-08)
This study explores the complex dynamics of masculinity, economic pressures, and familial responsibilities among male breadwinners in Siyabuswa, South Africa.Using a qualitative research approach, the study investigates how economic hardships affect men's identities, their family relationships, and their roles in society. The research also examines the support provided by faith-based communities and social networks. Through in-depth interviews, participants shared their struggles in maintaining traditional masculine roles as providers and protectors during financial difficulties. Many expressed feelings of displacement within their families and communities. This often led to strained relationships, substance abuse, and mental health challenges. The study highlights the need for targeted support systems to address these issues. Faith and the church played a vital role in offering emotional, spiritual, and practical support. Pastoral care was especially valued, providing a holistic approach that addressed both spiritual and material needs. Church-initiated community programs, such as skills training and economic empowerment, helped men regain their sense of purpose and dignity.The importance of community and social networks also emerged as a key theme. Peer support groups and informal networks offered brotherhood, emotional solidarity, and practical assistance. These networks helped men cope with challenges, alleviating financial pressures and fostering long-term resilience. The thematic analysis reveals the impact of economic hardship on men's identities and relationships. While financial difficulties can lead to negative outcomes like substance abuse and strained relationships, they also present opportunities for redefining masculinity and strengthening community bonds. The study concludes by emphasising the need for holistic, community-based interventions. Such programs should address both the material and emotional needs of men facing economic hardship. The research highlights the transformative potential of pastoral care and community support in promoting wellbeing and resilience among men in Siyabuswa. It contributes to the broader discussion on gender, poverty, and social support, offering insights into how men can be supported in their roles as providers and how communities can foster healing, empowerment, and social justice.
Prevalence and characterisation of Mycobacterium species in cattle and sheep at Gauteng abattoirs
Mareledwane, Vuyokazi Epipodia (University of Pretoria, 2022-04)
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic disease with a great economic impact estimated at billions of dollars annually worldwide. It is a highly infectious disease infecting mainly wildlife, domestic animals, and humans. The causative agent for the disease is a group of bacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). The current study aimed at investigating the prevalence and characterize Mycobacterium species in slaughter animals at Gauteng province abattoirs and to assess the risk of zoonotic tuberculosis posed to abattoir workers. In an attempt to fulfil the objective samples were collected from Gauteng province abattoirs. There is limited data available on abattoir-based studies on bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in South Africa. Abattoirs were chosen for this study as they provide important information of data and they play a key role in passive surveillance on the status of the prevalence of bTB in livestock. The study first reviewed the retrospective data for Mycobacterium spp. in the laboratory data in the Tuberculosis Laboratory at the Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research (ARC-OVR) between 2007 and 2016. Samples that were submitted at the ARC-OVR from nine provinces of South Africa, were analysed for the prevalence of Mycobacterium spp. over these 10 years. The findings revealed that the total prevalence of Mycobacterium spp. was 18.47% [834/4516; 95% Confidence Interval: 17.37 – 19.63] with individual species prevalence at 11.47%, 5.20%, 1.53%, 0.24%, and 0.02%, for Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium Other Than Tuberculosis (MOTT), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, and Mycobacterium orygis respectively. The findings revealed that M.bovis seems to be the most prevalent Mycobacterium species in both domestic animals at 62.26% and wildlife at 63.68%. The study found that factors for bTB such as the presence of wildlife reservoirs and contact with these reservoirs are a great influence on the transmission of the disease that could result in animals testing positive for Mycobacterium spp. Samples from Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and Gauteng provinces were most likely positive for Mycobacterium spp. The majority of samples from Gauteng province originated from captive wildlife. M. tuberculosis, which is mostly a human pathogen rather than M. bovis, was isolated. The study also highlights that wild carnivores and marine animals are more likely to test positive as these animals are likely to feed off infected prey. Study results showed that most of the organs were prone to infection by Mycobacterium spp. Improved data collection is required so that scientific research can target several aspects highlighted by the information obtained from the records. The laboratory data obtained in this study gave insight into the occurrence of Mycobacterium spp. in wildlife, livestock and their environment in South Africa and the factors that influence the transmission of mycobacteriosis such as bTB. Furthermore, we reviewed serological laboratory data in the Tuberculosis Laboratory at the Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research (ARC-OVR) for the period 2011 - 2016. This was done to further highlight the importance that the combination of both bacteriological data and serology provide better insight into the epidermiology. Out of 10,369 fresh blood samples that were submitted from all of the provinces around South Africa and tested using the Bovigam® kit, the results showed that 1.54% (95% Confidence Interval: 1.30 – 1.78) were positive for bTB, 3.75% (95% Confidence Interval: 3.38 - 4.11) were avian reactors, and 2.29% (95% Confidence Interval: 3.38 - 4.11) were a combination of multiple reactors, equal reactors as well as animals that had a positive screening test. (A multiple reactor means an animal reacted positively to all tuberculin suggesting a possible infection with either Mycobacterium bovis or Mycobacterium forfuitum or both and in some instances even Mycobacterium avium. An equal reactor means an animal reacted positively to both avian or bovine tuberculin due to possible infection with either Mycobacterium bovis or Mycobacterium avium or both). Also, the results showed that the most number of samples tested were buffalo samples with 88.96% (95% Confidence Interval: 88.35-89.56), followed by domestic bovine (cattle) at 9.94% (95% Confidence Interval: 9.37 – 10.52). Our results showed that there is generally a low prevalence of bTB in South Africa. Furthermore, we collected fresh blood samples with corresponding tissue samples at the point of slaughter at abattoirs and samples were subjected to serological assays and bacterial cultureto detect the active interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and isolate mycobacterial species respectively. The study was conducted at selected abattoirs in the Gauteng Province in South Africa where animals were also subjected to routine meat inspection. A total of 410 fresh blood samples were collected during the slaughter of animals (369 cattle and 41 sheep) from 15 abattoirs and analysed using a Bovigam® 1G-test kit (Prionics AG, Lelystad, The Netherlands) Bovigam test kit with bovine, avian, and fortuitum purified protein derivatives (PPD) as blood stimulating antigens. The estimated prevalence of bTB in cattle was 4.4% (95% Confidence Interval: 2.4%-7.3%) and the prevalence of avian reactors was 6.0% (95% Confidence Interval: 3.6%-9.2%). None of the sheep with valid test results (i.e. test samples that have passed quality control checks) were positive for bTB and none were avian reactors (95% Confidence Interval: 0% - 15%). Additionally, we collected a total of 2000 tissue samples comprising of lungs, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes were collected from 19 abattoirs. Additionally, 19 environmental samples were collected from feedlots, where animals usually drink as they await slaughter. These samples were cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) media containing both pyruvate and glycerol. The cultures were monitored for growth over 10 weeks. Colonies that displayed morphology resembling that of Mycobacteria were first subjected to Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining, then acid fast bacteria were subjected to a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria. No MTBC species were detected by PCR. The same isolates were subjected to the 16S rRNA PCR and gene sequence analysis to investigate and identify non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species. Isolations were made from eight animals originating from four abattoirs and were identified as Mycobacterium species by amplification of a product corresponding to 577 bp in size following gel electrophoresis. Sequence data analysis of the 8 isolates revealed only two of the isolates to be Mycobacterium colombiense (99.81% identity) and Mycobacterium simiae (99.42% identity). The remaining six isolates were identified as members of the Actinomadura species. From the environmental samples, isolation was made from three samples, and two were identified to genus level (Mycobacterium species). The remaining isolate was identified as Mycobacterium senuense (99.22% identity). For the slaughtered livestock, the results suggest that there was no risk of transmission of bTB to abattoir workers and the meat was probably safe to consume. Although NTM have been implicated to be potentially involved in causing tuberculosis-like diseases, their rate of occurrence in the current study was extremely low, hence insignificant. The study has,however, highlighted that the additional use of serological assays such as the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) assay can help detect early signs of infection, thus establishing the status of infection. Additionally, interviews were conducted in the form of questionnaires to establish the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of abattoir workers regarding Tuberculosis (TB). The objective of the study was to obtain data from abattoir workers in Gauteng Province, South Africa and to assess the risk of zoonotic tuberculosis transmission among workers. This study revealed an overall knowledge score of the respondents to be 42% (95% Confidence Interval: 37.48 - 46.42) (P<0.001), with 88.35% of the respondents knowing of the disease. The overall knowledge of TB score was determined by calculating the overall average knowledge of the respondents. More than 45% of the participants were aware of zoonotic TB and how the disease is transmitted. Overall, the results of the study suggested that there are certain practices that abattoir workers are engaged in, such as the consumption of unpasteurized milk and undercooked or raw meat, slaughtering of animals at home as well as taking care of animals at home/work that may promote transmission of zoonotic tuberculosis among themselves and their communities at large. In conclusion, we report on the prevalence of Mycobacterium spp in slaughter animals in abattoirs in Gauteng Province, South Africa, the potential zoonotic risks posed to abattoir workers and on the 10-year retrospective data on samples submitted to the Tuberculosis laboratory (ARC-OVR) analysed for the prevalence of Mycobacterium spp. over this 10-year

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