Research Articles (Nuclear Medicine)
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Item Evaluating Xerostomia as a side effect of [255Ac]Ac-PSMA therapy in prostate cancer : a systematic review and meta-analysis(Springer, 2025) Al-Ibraheem, Akram; Moghrabi, Serin; Sathekge, Mike Machaba; Abdlkadir, Ahmed SaadPlease read abstract in the article.Item Evaluation of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-AeK as a potential imaging tool for PET imaging of cell wall synthesis in bacterial infections(MDPI, 2024-09) Koatale, Palesa Caroline; Welling, Mick M.; Mdanda, Sipho; Mdlophane, Amanda; Takyi-Williams, John; Durandt, Chrisna; Van den Bout, Iman; Cleeren, Frederik; Sathekge, Mike Machaba; Ebenhan, Thomas; thomas.ebenhan@up.ac.zaPlease read abstract in article.Item [18F]F-poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase inhibitor radiotracers for imaging PARP expression and their potential clinical applications in oncology(MDPI, 2024-06-11) Ndlovu, Honest; Lawal, Ismaheel Opeyemi; Mdanda, Sipho; Kgatle, Mankgopo; Mokoala, K.M.G. (Kgomotso); Al-Ibraheem, Akram; Sathekge, Mike Machaba; mike.sathekge@up.ac.zaIncluding poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in managing patients with inoperable tumors has significantly improved outcomes. The PARP inhibitors hamper single-strand deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair by trapping poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) at sites of DNA damage, forming a non-functional “PARP enzyme–inhibitor complex” leading to cell cytotoxicity. The effect is more pronounced in the presence of PARP upregulation and homologous recombination (HR) deficiencies such as breast cancer-associated gene (BRCA1/2). Hence, identifying HR-deficiencies by genomic analysis—for instance, BRCA1/2 used in triple-negative breast cancer—should be a part of the selection process for PARP inhibitor therapy. Published data suggest BRCA1/2 germline mutations do not consistently predict favorable responses to PARP inhibitors, suggesting that other factors beyond tumor mutation status may be at play. A variety of factors, including tumor heterogeneity in PARP expression and intrinsic and/or acquired resistance to PARP inhibitors, may be contributing factors. This justifies the use of an additional tool for appropriate patient selection, which is noninvasive, and capable of assessing whole-body in vivo PARP expression and evaluating PARP inhibitor pharmacokinetics as complementary to the currently available BRCA1/2 analysis. In this review, we discuss [18F]Fluorine PARP inhibitor radiotracers and their potential in the imaging of PARP expression and PARP inhibitor pharmacokinetics. To provide context we also briefly discuss possible causes of PARP inhibitor resistance or ineffectiveness. The discussion focuses on TNBC, which is a tumor type where PARP inhibitors are used as part of the standard-of-care treatment strategy.Item Time for action : actinium-225 PSMA-targeted alpha therapy for metastatic prostate cancer – a systematic review and meta-analysis(Ivyspring International Publisher, 2025-02) Ninatti, Gaia; Scilipoti, Pietro; Pini, Cristiano; Barletta, Francesco; Longoni, Mattia; Gelardi, Fabrizia; Sollini, Martina; Gandaglia, Giorgio; Sathekge, Mike Machaba; Montorsi, Francesco; Chiti, Arturo; Briganti, AlbertoRATIONALE : Metastatic prostate cancer in the castration-resistant (mCRPC) setting remains challenging to treat. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted alpha therapy (TAT) is emerging as a promising option. We aimed to systematically review the efficacy and safety of PSMA-TAT in patients with prostate cancer. METHODS : A comprehensive search of PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE databases was conducted up to October 2024, adhering to the PRISMA guidelines. Selected studies were original research articles evaluating the efficacy and/or safety of PSMA-TAT including at least 10 patients. The outcomes measured included any prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response, ≥50% PSA reduction (PSA50), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and adverse events. PSA50 was pooled using a random-effects model, incorporating individual patient data on PSA50 and previous lines of treatment. RESULTS : Eighteen studies involving 1,155 patients met the inclusion criteria. The majority included heavily pre-treated patients. The most commonly employed radiopharmaceutical was [225Ac]Ac-PSMA-617, in 15 studies. The pooled PSA50 response rate was 65% [95% Confidence interval (CI), 57-72%] with a moderate level of heterogeneity (I² = 81.17%, p < 0.001). Pooled response rates in patients who received none, one, and more than one prior line of treatment were 82% (95% CI, 73-90%), 72% (95% CI, 56-85%), and 55% (95% CI, 48-63%), respectively. PFS varied from 3 to 15 months, and OS from 8 to 31 months. Adverse events were predominantly mild (grades 1-2); severe adverse events (≥ grade 3) included anaemia (11%) and thrombocytopenia (6%). CONCLUSION : PSMA-TAT holds promising efficacy and an acceptable safety profile for treating metastatic prostate cancer. Randomised controlled trials are needed to optimise treatment protocols toward the implementation of PSMA-TAT into clinical practice.Item 68Ga radiolabeling of NODASA-functionalized phage display-derived peptides for prospective assessment as Tuberculosis-specific PET radiotracers(Wiley, 2024-09) Gouws, Christiaan A.; Naicker, Tricia; De la Torre, Beatriz G.; Albericio, Fernando; Duvenhage, Janie; Kruger, Hendrik G.; Marjanovic-Painter, Biljana; Mdanda, Sipho; Zeevaart, Jan Rijn; Ebenhan, Thomas; Govender, Thavendran; thomas.ebenhan@up.ac.zaPlease read abstract in article.Item Imaging molecular targets and metabolic pathways in breast cancer for improved clinical management: current practice and future perspectives(MDPI, 2024-02) Ndlovu, Honest; Lawal, Ismaheel Opeyemi; Mokoala, K.M.G. (Kgomotso); Sathekge, Mike MachabaBreast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Timely decision-making that enables implementation of the most appropriate therapy or therapies is essential for achieving the best clinical outcomes in breast cancer. While clinicopathologic characteristics and immunohistochemistry have traditionally been used in decisionmaking, these clinical and laboratory parameters may be difficult to ascertain or be equivocal due to tumor heterogeneity. Tumor heterogeneity is described as a phenomenon characterized by spatial or temporal phenotypic variations in tumor characteristics. Spatial variations occur within tumor lesions or between lesions at a single time point while temporal variations are seen as tumor lesions evolve with time. Due to limitations associated with immunohistochemistry (which requires invasive biopsies), whole-body molecular imaging tools such as standard-of-care [18F]FDG and [18F]FES PET/CT are indispensable in addressing this conundrum. Despite their proven utility, these standardof- care imaging methods are often unable to image a myriad of other molecular pathways associated with breast cancer. This has stimulated interest in the development of novel radiopharmaceuticals targeting other molecular pathways and processes. In this review, we discuss validated and potential roles of these standard-of-care and novel molecular approaches. These approaches’ relationships with patient clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics as well as their influence on patient management will be discussed in greater detail. This paper will also introduce and discuss the potential utility of novel PARP inhibitor-based radiopharmaceuticals as non-invasive biomarkers of PARP expression/upregulation.Item Real world experience with [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-iPSMA SPECT prostate cancer detection : interim results from the global NOBLE registry(SpringerOpen, 2024-12) Tually, Pete; Quinto, Virginia G.; Omar, Yehia; Novruzov, Fuad; Yudistiro, Ryan; Sathekge, Mike Machaba; Currie, Geoffrey; Galette, Paul; Patel, Neel; Brown, Tracey; Bolland, Gabriel; Lo Bue, Rebecca; Cade, DavidPlease read abstract in article.Item Ionising radiation exposure-induced regulation of selected biomarkers and their impact in cancer and treatment(Frontiers Media, 2024-10) Mzizi, Yonwaba; Mbambara, Saidon; Moetlhoa, Boitumelo; Mahapane, Johncy; Mdanda, Sipho; Sathekge, Mike Machaba; Kgatle, MankgopoIonising radiation (IR) is a form of energy that travels as electromagnetic waves or particles. While it is vital in medical and occupational health settings, IR can also damage DNA, leading to mutations, chromosomal aberrations, and transcriptional changes that disrupt the functions of certain cell regulators, genes, and transcription factors. These disruptions can alter functions critical for cancer development, progression, and treatment response. Additionally, IR can affect various cellular proteins and their regulators within different cell signalling pathways, resulting in physiological changes that may promote cancer development, progression, and resistance to treatment. Understanding these impacts is crucial for developing strategies to mitigate the harmful effects of IR exposure and improve cancer treatment outcomes. This review focuses on specific genes and protein biomarkers regulated in response to chronic IR exposure, and how their regulation impacts disease onset, progression, and treatment response.Item EANM/SNMMI guideline/procedure standard for [18F]FDG hybrid PET use in infection and inflammation in adults v2.0(Springer, 2025-01) Abikhzer, Gad; Treglia, Giorgio; Pelletier‑Galarneau, Matthieu; Buscombe, John Richard; Chiti, Arturo; Dibble, Elizabeth H.; Glaudemans, Andor W.J.M.; Palestro, Christopher J.; Sathekge, Mike Machaba; Signore, Alberto; Jamar, Francois; Israel, Ora; Gheysens, Olivier; mike.sathekge@up.ac.zaPlease read abstract in article.Item Recently developed radiopharmaceuticals for bacterial infection imaging(SpringerOpen, 2024) Kahts, Maryke; Summers, Beverley; Gutta, Aadil; Pilloy, Wilfrid; Ebenhan, ThomasInfection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, regardless of advances in antimicrobial therapy and improved knowledge of microorganisms. With the major global threat posed by antimicrobial resistance, fast and accurate diagnosis of infections, and the reliable identification of intractable infection, are becoming more crucial for effective treatment and the application of antibiotic stewardship. Molecular imaging with the use of nuclear medicine allows early detection and localisation of infection and infammatory processes, as well as accurate monitoring of treatment response. There has been a continuous search for more specific radiopharmaceuticals to be utilised for infection imaging. This review summarises the most prominent discoveries in specifically bacterial infection imaging agents over the last five years, since 2019. MAIN BODY: Some promising new radiopharmaceuticals evaluated in patient studies are reported here, including radiolabelled bacterial siderophores like [ 68Ga]Ga-DFO-B, radiolabelled antimicrobial peptide/peptide fragments like [ 68Ga]Ga-NOTA-UBI29-41, and agents that target bacterial synthesis pathways (folic acid and peptidoglycan) like [ 11C]para-aminobenzoic acid and D-methyl-[11C]-methionine, with clinical trials underway for [ 18F]fuorodeoxy-sorbitol, as well as for 11C- and 18F-labelled trimethoprim. CONCLUSION: It is evident that a great deal of effort has gone into the development of new radiopharmaceuticals for infection imaging over the last few years, with remarkable progress in preclinical investigations. However, translation to clinical trials, and eventually clinical Nuclear Medicine practice, is apparently slow. It is the authors’ opinion that a more structured and harmonised preclinical setting and well-designed clinical investigations are the key to reliably evaluate the true potential of the newly proposed infection imaging agents.Item Chemokine receptor-4 targeted PET/CT imaging with 68Ga-Pentixafor in head and neck cancer—a comparison with 18F-FDG and CXCR4 immunohistochemistry(MDPI, 2024-06) Hadebe, Bawinile; Harry, Lerwine; Gabela, Lerato; Masikane, Siphelele; Patel, Maryam; Zwane, Sizwe; Pillay, Venesen; Bipath, Presha; Cebekhulu, Nonhlanhla; Nyakale, Nozipho E.; Ramdass, Prathima; Msimang, Mpumelelo; Aldous, Colleen; Sathekge, Mike Machaba; Vorster, MarizaPlease read abstract in article.Item Highlighting new research trends on Zirconium-89 radiopharmaceuticals beyond antibodies(Elsevier, 2024-11) Duvenhage, Janie; Kahts, Maryke; Summers, Beverley; Zeevaart, Jan Rijn; Ebenhan, ThomasPlease read abstract in the article.Item Prostate-specific membrane antigen-positron emission tomography-guided radiomics and machine learning in prostate carcinoma(MDPI, 2024-10) Maes, Justine; Gesquière, Simon; Maes, Alex; Sathekge, Mike Machaba; Van de Wiele, ChristophePositron emission tomography (PET) using radiolabeled prostate-specific membrane antigen targeting PET-imaging agents has been increasingly used over the past decade for imaging and directing prostate carcinoma treatment. Here, we summarize the available literature data on radiomics and machine learning using these imaging agents in prostate carcinoma. Gleason scores derived from biopsy and after resection are discordant in a large number of prostate carcinoma patients. Available studies suggest that radiomics and machine learning applied to PSMA-radioligand avid primary prostate carcinoma might be better performing than biopsy-based Gleason-scoring and could serve as an alternative for non-invasive GS characterization. Furthermore, it may allow for the prediction of biochemical recurrence with a net benefit for clinical utilization. Machine learning based on PET/CT radiomics features was also shown to be able to differentiate benign from malignant increased tracer uptake on PSMA-targeting radioligand PET/CT examinations, thus paving the way for a fully automated image reading in nuclear medicine. As for prediction to treatment outcome following 177Lu-PSMA therapy and overall survival, a limited number of studies have reported promising results on radiomics and machine learning applied to PSMA-targeting radioligand PET/CT images for this purpose. Its added value to clinical parameters warrants further exploration in larger datasets of patients.Item Radiotherapy and theranostics : a Lancet Oncology Commission(Elsevier, 2024-11) Abdel-Wahab, May; Giammarile, Francesco; Carrara, Mauro; Paez, Diana; Hricak, Hedvig; Ayati, Nayyereh; Li, Jing Jing; Mueller, Malina; Aggarwal, Ajay; Al-Ibraheem, Akram; Alkhatib, Sondos; Atun, Rifat; Bello, Abubakar; Berger, Daniel; Delgado Bolton, Roberto C.; Buatti, John M.; Burt, Graeme; Bjelac, Olivera Ciraj; Cordero-Mendez, Lisbeth; Dosanjh, Manjit; Eichler, Thomas; Fidarova, Elena; Gondhowiardjo, Soehartati; Gospodarowicz, Mary; Grover, Surbhi; Hande, Varsha; Harsdorf-Enderndorf, Ekaterina; Herrmann, Ken; Hofman, Michael S.; Holmberg, Ola; Jaffray, David; Knoll, Peter; Kunikowska, Jolanta; Lewis, Jason S.; Lievens, Yolande; Mikhail-Lette, Miriam; Ostwald, Dennis; Palta, Jatinder R.; Peristeris, Platon; Rosa, Arthur A.; Salem, Soha Ahmed; Dos Santos, Marcos A.; Sathekge, Mike Machaba; Shrivastava, Shyam Kishore; Titovich, Egor; Urbain, Jean-Luc; Vanderpuye, Verna; Wahl, Richard L.; Yu, Jennifer S.; Zaghloul, Mohamed Saad; Zhu, Hongcheng; Scott, Andrew M.Following on from the 2015 Lancet Oncology Commission on expanding global access to radiotherapy, Radiotherapy and theranostics: a Lancet Oncology Commission was created to assess the access and availability of radiotherapy to date and to address the important issue of access to the promising field of theranostics at a global level. A marked disparity in the availability of radiotherapy machines between high-income countries and low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) has been identified previously and remains a major problem. The availability of a suitably trained and credentialled workforce has also been highlighted as a major limiting factor to effective implementation of radiotherapy, particularly in LMICs. We investigated initiatives that could mitigate these issues in radiotherapy, such as extended treatment hours, hypofractionation protocols, and new technologies. The broad implementation of hypofractionation techniques compared with conventional radiotherapy in prostate cancer and breast cancer was projected to provide radiotherapy for an additional 2·2 million patients (0·8 million patients with prostate cancer and 1·4 million patients with breast cancer) with existing resources, highlighting the importance of implementing new technologies in LMICs. A global survey undertaken for this Commission revealed that use of radiopharmaceutical therapy—other than 131I—was highly variable in high-income countries and LMICs, with supply chains, workforces, and regulatory issues affecting access and availability. The capacity for radioisotope production was highlighted as a key issue, and training and credentialling of health professionals involved in theranostics is required to ensure equitable access and availability for patient treatment. New initiatives—such as the International Atomic Energy Agency's Rays of Hope programme—and interest by international development banks in investing in radiotherapy should be supported by health-care systems and governments, and extended to accelerate the momentum generated by recognising global disparities in access to radiotherapy. In this Commission, we propose actions and investments that could enhance access to radiotherapy and theranostics worldwide, particularly in LMICs, to realise health and economic benefits and reduce the burden of cancer by accessing these treatments.Item Activity quantification and dosimetry in radiopharmaceutical therapy with reference to 177Lutetium(Frontiers Media, 2024-03) Ramonaheng, Keamogetswe; Qebetu, Milani; Ndlovu, Honest; Swanepoel, Cecile; Smith, Liani; Mdanda, Sipho; Mdlophane, Amanda; Sathekge, Mike MachabaRadiopharmaceutical therapy has been widely adopted owing primarily to the development of novel radiopharmaceuticals. To fully utilize the potential of these RPTs in the era of precision medicine, therapy must be optimized to the patient’s tumor characteristics. The vastly disparate dosimetry methodologies need to be harmonized as the first step towards this. Multiple factors play a crucial role in the shift from empirical activity administration to patient-specific dosimetry-based administrations from RPT. Factors such as variable responses seen in patients with presumably similar clinical characteristics underscore the need to standardize and validate dosimetry calculations. These efforts combined with ongoing initiatives to streamline the dosimetry process facilitate the implementation of radiomolecular precision oncology. However, various challenges hinder the widespread adoption of personalized dosimetrybased activity administration, particularly when compared to the more convenient and resource-efficient approach of empiric activity administration. This review outlines the fundamental principles, procedures, and methodologies related to image activity quantification and dosimetry with a specific focus on 177Lutetium-based radiopharmaceuticals.Item Editorial : bridging the gap to molecular imaging and theranostics(Frontiers Media, 2024-04) More, Stuart; Sathekge, Mike Machaba; Prasad, VikasNo abstract available.Item First-in-human infection imaging with 89Zr-labelled leukocytes and comparison of scan quality with [99mTc]Tc-HMPAO-labelled leukocytes(Frontiers Media, 2024-07) Kahts, Maryke; Summers, Beverley; Ndlela, Akhona; Gutta, Aadil; Nemutaduni, Phumudzo; More, Andrew; Parsoo, Aman; Ebenhan, Thomas; Zeevaart, Jan Rijn; Aras, Omer; Sathekge, Mike MachabaINTRODUCTION: Nuclear medicine infection imaging is routinely performed with the use of leukocytes radiolabelled with technetium-99m hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime ([99mTc]Tc-HMPAO) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Positron emission tomography (PET) is more sensitive than SPECT and results in higher-quality images. Zirconium-89 (89Zr) is a positron emitter with a half-life of 78.4 h, which translates to the biological half-life and slow biodistribution of intact cells and allows delayed PET imaging for more accurate biodistribution of the labelled leukocytes to infection foci. A first-in-human study with [89Zr]Zr-oxine-leukocytes in four healthy volunteers was reported in 2022. Our first-in-human study utilising the cell surface labelling approach aimed to image infection in patients with the use of 89Zr-labelled leukocytes, using p-isothiocyanatobenzyl-desferrioxamine B (Df-Bz-NCS) as a bifunctional chelating agent, and to compare the scan quality and biodistribution of [89Zr]ZrDf-Bz-NCS-labelled leukocytes on PET images to SPECT images obtained with [ 99mTc]Tc-HMPAO-labelled leukocytes. METHODS: Leukocytes were isolated from whole-blood samples of eight patients with clinically and/or radiologically confirmed infection. Isolated leukocytes were labelled with [99mTc]Tc-HMPAO according to standardised methods, and [89Zr]ZrDf-Bz-NCS according to our previously published radiolabelling method.Whole-body SPECT imaging was performed 2 and 18 h post injection of [99mTc]TcHMPAO-labelled leukocytes, and whole-body PET/CT was performed 3 and 24 h post injection of [89Zr]Zr-Df-Bz-NCS-labelled leukocytes in seven patients. RESULTS: Successful [89Zr]Zr-Df-Bz-NCS-leukocyte labelling was achieved. High labelling efficiencies were obtained (81.7% ± 3.6%; n = 8). A mean high viability of [ 89Zr]Zr-Df-Bz-NCS-labelled leukocytes was observed (88.98% ± 12.51%). The [ 89Zr]Zr-Df-Bz-NCS-leukocyte labelling efficiency was not significantly affected by the white blood cell count of the patient. The performance of [99mTc]Tc-HMPAOand [89Zr]Zr-Df-Bz-NCS-labelled leukocytes, in terms of the ability to accurately detect infection, were similar in two out of seven patients, and [99mTc]Tc-HMPAOlabelled leukocytes outperformed [89Zr]Zr-Df-Bz-NCS-labelled leukocytes in one patient with femoral osteomyelitis. However, in two cases of pulmonary pathology, [ 89Zr]Zr-Df-Bz-NCS-labelled leukocytes demonstrated improved pathological uptake. No skeletal activity was observed in any of the patients imaged with [89Zr] Zr-Df-Bz-NCS-labelled leukocytes, illustrating the in vivo stability of the radiolabel. DISCUSSION: Although the [89Zr]Zr-Df-Bz-NCS-leukocyte labelling aspect of this study was noteworthy, infection imaging did not yield convincingly positive results due to the pulmonary trapping of intravenously administered [89Zr]Zr-DfBz-NCS-labelled leukocytes.Item Guiding principles on the education and practice of theranostics(Springer, 2024-07) Pascual, Thomas N.B.; Paez, Diana; Iagaru, Andrei; Gnanasegaran, Gopi; Lee, Sze Ting; Sathekge, Mike Machaba; Buatti, John M.; Giammarile, Francesco; Al-Ibraheem, Akram; Pardo, Manuela Arevalo; Baum, Richard P.; De Bari, Berardino; Ben-Haim, Simona; Blay, Jean-Yves; Brink, Anita; Estrada-Lobato, Enrique; Fanti, Stefano; Golubic, Anja Tea; Hatazawa, Jun; Israel, Ora; Kiess, Ana; Knoll, Peter; Louw, Lizette; Mariani, Giuliano; Mirzaei, Siroos; Orellana, Pilar; Prior, John O.; Urbain, Jean-Luc; Vichare, Shrikant; Vinjamuri, Sobhan; Virgolini, Irene; Scott, Andrew M.PURPOSE : The recent development and approval of new diagnostic imaging and therapy approaches in the field of theranostics have revolutionised nuclear medicine practice. To ensure the provision of these new imaging and therapy approaches in a safe and high-quality manner, training of nuclear medicine physicians and qualified specialists is paramount. This is required for trainees who are learning theranostics practice, and for ensuring minimum standards for knowledge and competency in existing practising specialists. METHODS : To address the need for a training curriculum in theranostics that would be utilised at a global level, a Consultancy Meeting was held at the IAEA in May 2023, with participation by experts in radiopharmaceutical therapy and theranostics including representatives of major international organisations relevant to theranostics practice. RESULTS : Through extensive discussions and review of existing curriculum and guidelines, a harmonised training program for theranostics was developed, which aims to ensure safe and high quality theranostics practice in all countries. CONCLUSION : The guiding principles for theranostics training outlined in this paper have immediate relevance for the safe and effective practice of theranostics.Item Can current preclinical strategies for radiopharmaceutical development meet the needs of targeted alpha therapy?(Springer, 2024-06) Kleynhans, Janke; Ebenhan, Thomas; Cleeren, Frederik; Sathekge, Mike Machaba; mike.sathekge@up.ac.zaPreclinical studies are essential for effectively evaluating TAT radiopharmaceuticals. Given the current suboptimal supply chain of these radionuclides, animal studies must be refined to produce the most translatable TAT agents with the greatest clinical potential. Vector design is pivotal, emphasizing harmonious physical and biological characteristics among the vector, target, and radionuclide. The scarcity of alpha-emitting radionuclides remains a significant consideration. Actinium-225 and lead-212 appear as the most readily available radionuclides at this stage. Available animal models for researchers encompass xenografts, allografts, and PDX (patient-derived xenograft) models. Emerging strategies for imaging alpha-emitters are also briefly explored. Ultimately, preclinical research must address two critical aspects: (1) offering valuable insights into balancing safety and efficacy, and (2) providing guidance on the optimal dosing of the TAT agent.Item Advances in targeted alpha therapy of cancer(Springer, 2024-04) Sathekge, Mike Machaba; Morgenstern, Alfred; mike.sathekge@up.ac.zaNo abstract available.