Theses and Dissertations (Social Work and Criminology)

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A psychocriminological approach towards the male batterer
(University of Pretoria, 1989-04) Greyling, R.; deliab@mweb.co.za; Karras (Bernardi), Delia Anastasia
English: The aim of this research was to gain insight into the life-world of the male batterer. A methodology which can be described as a phenomenological approach was employed. This is a psychodynamic and essence-directed descriptive study which relates specifically to the male batterer. This research was prompted by the actuality of women battering. Another factor which also contributed towards this research was the fact that most of the knowledge on battering is construed from interviews with the victim. The researcher was therefore specifically interested in knowing how the batterer himself experienced and articulated the reality of battering. The research commenced by the embarkation upon a thorough literature study of the subject, so as to identify carefully specific distinctive characteristics with regard to the male batterer. Emphasis was especially given to the bio-psycho-sociocriminological factors which contributed to an elucidation of battering. Anonymous telephone interviews were conducted with various male batterers in order to gather information with regard to their behaviour. This procedure was utilized because possible condemnation and stigmatization could deter the male batterer from participating in a more direct personal confrontation. The fear of identification and criminal prosecution could furthermore hinder direct personal contact with the male batterer. This kind of telephone inter- view guarantees anonymity, and was therefore seen as a vehicle to encourage the batterer to volunteer an explication of his experience of battering. Anonymous telephone interviews also allowed for a sample to be drawn from the more broader normal population. Consequent to this methodology the batterers found in prison for rehabilitation, or in psychiatric hospitals for treatment were excluded. The sample is therefore more representative of the general population. Emanating from the research, it was apparent that a multi-dimensional or interdisciplinary orientation was necessary to· understand the experential and life-world of the male batterer. According to this approach the batterer could be regarded as a dynamic, multi-faceted, unique and complex being with diverse potentialities, such as the ability to be "normal" and "abnormal". Re-occurring themes with regard to the male batterer's personality were manifested during the research and indicated that the batterer experienced psychological maladjustment, yet that he was not necessarily mentally disturbed. The following are distinctive characteristics of the male batterer: Emotional dependency, depression, aggression, guilt, low self-esteem, low frustration tolerance and impulsiveness. The actuality and complexity of the phenomenon of battering indicate the necessity for further research.
Development of a Christian-based intervention programme for perpetrators of intimate partner violence
(University of Pretoria, 2018-11) Steyn, Francois; deliab@mweb.co.za; Bernardi, Delia Anastasia
Intimate partner violence is a global evil and has reached pandemic proportions with ramifications that are devastating for all parties concerned. Characteristics and causal influences that were applicable to both abusive men and abusive women were identified in order to develop and streamline a treatment according to the evidence. It was purported that therapeutic change necessitates taking responsibility. Moreover, an activated conscience with concomitant empathy is pivotal in deterring partner abuse. Effective treatment strategies need to address issues such as factors that influence the resistance to change, trauma, alcohol abuse, possible biological correlates of violence, personality disturbance and emotional lability which seems to be activated within the context of an intimate relationship. Abusive partners need to reflect upon the possible association between external triggers and personal experiences that may influence destructive behavioural patterns. The developed programme emphasised self-compassion and forgiveness, which is conducive to bolstering self-esteem, feelings of worthiness and self-regulation. In pursuit thereof, an integrated bio-psycho-sociospiritual and developmental conceptualisation of intimate partner violence was supported and challenged the prevailing gender paradigm that still forms the basis of the predominant treatment interventions that are based on the Duluth model. The research approach adopted was that of mixed methods. The research project focused on intervention or action research and entailed designing and developing an innovative genderinclusive Christian-based programme for perpetrators of intimate partner violence. A series of activities ensued, which included a collective case study, piloting, refining and finalising the preliminary draft intervention. There is a high correlation between male and female perpetration and depression. Upon completion of the intervention programme, the participants’ reduced scores for depression were statistically significant, and as a result, it could be inferred that the programme has the potential to curtail intimate partner abuse. Recommendations included that children from abusive homes who remain largely conceptualised as “witnesses” rather than “victims” must form part of a treatment strategy. Children do not witness partner abuse passively from a distance but deeply feel and experience the aftermath. A comprehensive and integrated model of prevention is postulated that necessitates multiple services, such as screening for abuse during pregnancy and substance abuse programmes, in conjunction with a family, community and church response towards the eradication of violence towards women, men and children.
Gender differences in adolescent sexting : towards a policy framework for secondary schools
(University of Pretoria, 2019) Steyn, Francois; Harris, Tara Farrer
The evolution of media technologies provides innovative opportunities for sexual exploration and intimate communication, one of which is sexting. Sexting refers to sending, receiving, and distributing self-generated sexually explicit content such as texts, photographs, and videos across social media platforms and internet-based applications. Adolescence is a life stage in which considerable developmental changes occur, including sexual maturation. Therefore, the phenomenon of adolescent sexting needs to be understood in the context of sexual development and experimentation. The study investigated the gendered nature of adolescent sexting in order to develop a policy framework for secondary schools in South Africa. Relevant literature and theoretical perspectives contextualise adolescent sexting prior to revealing gender differences in online victimisation, sexting expectancies, internet usage, and opinions regarding sexting behaviours, and the consequences of sexting. The mixed-method study followed a sequential design. For the quantitative strand, data was collected through a self-administered survey with standardised scales from 83 learners (average age of 14.74 years) in two independent schools in Gauteng, South Africa. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences which made comparisons between male and female learners possible by means of non-parametric statistical procedures. The quantitative findings were used to inform the qualitative policy analysis and the subsequent semi-structured expert and parental interviews. In total, there were 22 interview participants, 13 experts and 9 parents. Qualitative data was analysed using NVivo 12 to categorise emergent themes and sub-themes. The quantitative and qualitative empirical findings directed the development of the school-based sexting policy framework. The empirical findings of the study revealed significant gender differences in terms of adolescent sexting, as well as adolescents’ views on risk management and harm reduction strategies. Results showed significant gender discrepancies across mobile phone usage (p=0.049), online victimisation (p=0.005), being approached online for sexts (p=0.001), reporting online victimisation (p=0.049), and sexting expectancies (p=<0.001). The survey further accentuated gender differences in terms of sending (p=0.006) and forwarding (p=0.048) sexts, motivations for using the internet (p=0.016), opinions regarding sexting (p=0.003) and the negative consequences of sexting (p=0.002). The personal interviews with parents revealed diversity of opinions regarding best practice in terms of addressing adolescent sexting, while some experts advocated for less punitive and more riskmanagement and harm reduction options. One of the predominant concerns around adolescent sexting is the apparent legislative lag. The current legal stance on adolescent sexting does not take the continuum of adolescent sexting into account, neither does it allow for a differentiation between consensual and coercive sexting. The result is that policy-makers are constrained in terms of developing policies which take the best interest of the adolescents into consideration. Furthermore, it is essential that the gendered nature and other complexities of the practice are contemplated when attempting to safeguard adolescents who are part of the technological revolution which embodies digital sexual cultures.
The perceptions of social workers regarding service users with co-occurrence of opioid use and mental health disorders at the Community Oriented Substance Use Programme (COSUP)
(University of Pretoria, 2024-05) Bila, Nontembeko; lisaem.moshidi@gmail.com; Moshidi, Elizabeth
Co-occurring mental health disorders are a major public health concern globally. In South Africa, approximately 15% of individuals using substances have one or more mental health disorders, and this has overburdened the public health system. Service users with co-occurring mental health disorders require a combination of pharmacological and behavioural treatments to mitigate the symptoms and promote recovery. Social workers are among the professionals who treat mental health disorders, despite the practice impediments in the mental health field. The biopsychosocial model, in conjunction with the harm reduction model, guided this research by providing a holistic perspective of co-occurring opioid use and mental health disorders. This was a qualitative study, falling within the scope of applied research as it sought to comprehend the social workers’ perceptions and offer solutions to identified challenges in practice. The study was exploratory and descriptive since it aimed to explore and describe the perceptions of social workers regarding service users with co-occurrence of opioid use and mental health disorders. It employed an instrumental case study design to establish the perceptions and experiences of social workers in working with service users with co-occurrence of opioid use and mental health disorders. The researcher used the non-probability purposive sampling method to sample social workers working at COSUP to participate in the study. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews guided by an interview schedule, which was analysed through thematic analysis. The research findings revealed that social work services are essential in the mental health care field. Thus, social workers strive to improve and maintain the mental well-being of individuals with mental health disorders. The study has shown that even though social work services are essential, social workers seem not to have a broader outlook regarding co-occurring mental health disorders. The study discovered that lack of educational training; resources, support, and supervision are some of the challenges experienced by social workers, impacting service delivery. To address social workers’ challenges and improve services, the study recommended continuous mental health training, prioritisation of community awareness programmes, and ensuring access and availability of resources. The study radically vouches for the implementation of harm reduction programmes across the nation to deal effectively with substance use and mental health disorders. Keywords: Community-Oriented Substance Use Programme (COSUP), co-occurring disorders, mental health disorders, opioids, perceptions, service users, and social workers.
Towards an effective linkage system for HIV positive foster care children between social workers and community volunteers in the city of Johannesburg
(University of Pretoria, 2023-12-06) Gutura, Priscilla; jyvaro@gmail.com; Khosa, Jeffries Zwelithini
The goal of the study was to determine services provided to children in foster care living with HIV by social workers and community volunteers in the City of Johannesburg to develop an effective linkage system. Three theoretical frameworks underpinned this study which are social support theory, knowledge management theory and systems theory. The study employed a mixed methods approach in the form of an explanatory sequential design which implies that quantitative data was collected and analysed first followed by qualitative data. The sample consisted of foster care social workers from Department of Social Development (DSD) and community volunteers consisting of social auxiliary workers and community caregivers from Drop-in Centres (DICs). For quantitative data, 42 social workers and 100 community volunteers were selected using cluster sampling. A collective administration questionnaire was used to collect data and the data were analysed using R Core Team, 2020. For the qualitative part, purposive sampling technique was used to select 14 social workers and 20 community volunteers. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data that were analysed thematically using Nvivo. Both the quantitative and qualitative findings revealed that the social workers were playing a critical role in foster care placement in terms of supervision, disclosure support, linkage to care and referrals, psycho-social support, and informational support. However, there were fundamental challenges in foster care placements such as lack of timely supervision by the social workers, lack of training on HIV services, poor communication within DSD directorates, high volume of caseloads, lack of community profiling and lack of knowledge about the DICs. These challenges hindered social workers to carry out their mandate comprehensively and impacted on the lives of the children and their foster parents. Additionally, the social workers did not view children living with HIV as deserving more attention and that they were the responsibility of the Department of Health and HIV directorate from the DSD. On the other hand, the findings from community volunteers established that they provided HIV services to children and families in communities but mostly the beneficiaries of the community volunteers’ services were not children in foster care, but other orphan and vulnerable children. The study concluded that the gap in services from social workers could be filled by community volunteers. Consequently, the study developed guidelines for a linkage system between the social workers and community volunteers to provided services to children in foster care living with HIV.
The perceptions of social workers regarding service users with co-occurrence of opioid use and mental health disorders at the Community Oriented Substance Use Programme (COSUP)
(University of Pretoria, 2024-07-04) Carbonatto, C.L.; Bila, Nontembeko; u16105452@tuks.co.za; Mateko, Shalyne Sithabile
Co-occurring opioid use and mental health disorders are a prevalent problem in South Africa. However, little is known about social workers’ perceptions of these co-occurring disorders. As such the goal of this study was to explore and describe the perceptions of social workers regarding service users with co-occurrence of opioid use and mental health disorders at the Community Oriented Substance Use Programme (COSUP). The study adopted the qualitative research approach and served both exploratory and descriptive purposes. The research design was a case study, particularly an instrumental case study design. A purposive sampling approach was used to recruit four participants at COSUP, Tshwane, who provided their perceptions on working with service users with co-occurring opioid and mental health disorders. The data was collected using virtual interviews via Microsoft Teams, with the guide of an interview guide. Data was analysed using thematic analysis. The findings indicate that co-occurring opioid use and mental health disorders are a cause of concern, influenced by traumatic childhood experiences, an already existing mental health disorder and socio-economic issues, such as the easy accessibility of substances, unemployment, and homelessness. Furthermore, the study found that social workers provide psychosocial services such as assessments, counselling, referrals and skills development. Social workers face challenges related to the lack of resources, infrastructure, and a lack of integration of services. The study concluded that social workers face challenges which hinder effective service provision to service users with co-occurring opioid use and mental health disorders. The study recommends strengthened multisectoral collaborations that prioritise co-occurring opioid use and mental health disorders to ensure increased funding and resources for effective service delivery.
The Ford resource and engagement centre (FREC) programme's contribution to mitigate poverty : perspectives from participants
(University of Pretoria, 2024-03-24) Chiwara, Peggie; ledwabajj@gmail.com; Ledwaba, Vuma Joyce
Many South Africans are living in poverty. Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon that requires well formulated strategies for its mitigation. The goal of the study was to explore the FREC programme’s contribution to mitigating poverty from the participants’ perspectives. The study employed a qualitative research approach and an instrumental case study research design. This applied study was rooted in interpretivism, it had an exploratory purpose and utilised the sustainable livelihoods framework as its theoretical framework. The study population consisted of 10 current FREC programme participants in Mamelodi and Nellmapius in the City of Tshwane, who were selected through nonprobability purposive sampling. The data was collected using one-on-one semi-structured interviews and analysed through thematic data analysis. The findings show that participants joined the FREC programme as they needed physical, human, and financial capital to engage in entrepreneurship and micro businesses in view of mitigating poverty. The findings show that the FREC programme contributes to poverty mitigation by empowering programme participants with skills and knowledge on entrepreneurship, mentoring and funding to successfully operate their micro businesses. The study concludes that poverty is best understood by the people who are experiencing it and that mitigating poverty requires support and access to a wide range of capital. The study recommends that FREC must establish a body that represents the collective interests of township-based entrepreneurs, , improves their bargaining power, and lobbies for greater governmental legislation and support for entrepreneurs and micro businesses.
A student-informed sexual harassment policy framework for higher Educational institutions in South Africa
(University of Pretoria, 2023-07) Steyn, Francois; reema.nunlall@gmail.com; Nunlall-Hiralal, Reema
The study aimed to develop a student-informed sexual harassment policy framework for higher educational institutions in South Africa because it was recognised that students are voiceless in the policy-making process. The research, therefore, followed a comprehensive and participatory approach, ensuring that the voices and perspectives of students were central to the development of the framework. The study had three main objectives. Firstly, it analysed existing sexual victimisation policies in higher educational institutions to assess how universities addressed sexual harassment. The examination provided a crucial foundation for identifying gaps and areas of improvement in current policies and for policy development. Secondly, the study sought to explore students' understanding and experiences of sexual harassment. Through online surveys, students' understanding, and experiences were gathered to inform the policy framework. This step allowed for a comprehensive understanding of the challenges, concerns, and needs of students regarding sexual harassment. Lastly, the study aimed to describe student perspectives on the fundamental components that should be included in an effective sexual harassment policy. The objective involved engaging students in meaningful discussions and consultations to gather their insights on policy content, reporting mechanisms, support services, prevention strategies, and accountability measures, amongst others. Based on the findings from these objectives, the study developed a student-informed sexual harassment policy framework for higher educational institutions. The framework emphasised proactive measures, prevention strategies, and support mechanisms. It highlighted the importance of addressing power imbalances, promoting a culture of respect and consent, and creating a safe and inclusive environment for all students. The framework also emphasised the significance of involving students in policy-making processes, ensuring their representation and agency in shaping policies that directly affect them. The study's contributions lie in its student-centred approach, incorporating the perspectives and experiences of those directly affected by sexual harassment. By centring student voices, the resulting policy framework reflects the concerns, needs, and aspirations of the student community. It provides a comprehensive and practical guide for higher education institutions to effectively address and prevent SH, fostering a culture of safety, respect, and inclusivity on campuses. Overall, this study serves as a significant step toward developing student-informed sexual harassment policies in higher educational institutions. It lays the groundwork for fostering safer and more inclusive learning environments, where students are empowered to speak out against sexual harassment and are provided with the necessary support to thrive.
Caring for children during COVID 19 : the experiences of South African families with children in middle childhood
(University of Pretoria, 2023-12) Smith, Linda; Chiba, Jenita; dewaaltanja@gmail.com; De Waal, Tanja
Abstract The COVID-19 disaster that began at the end of 20129, changed the way people all over the world functioned for a period of time. Families faced difficulties such as death of loved ones, financial difficulties and loss of income, mental health problems, hunger, loneliness and isolation. One of the important concerns was around families with children in terms of how they would cope and adjust to the demands of the crisis. This led the researcher to the consider the question “What were the experiences of South African families of caring for children in middle childhood during COVID-19?” The goal of this study was to explore, describe and understand the experience of South African families of caring for children in middle childhood during the COVID-19 pandemic. The researcher wanted to know if their experience was positive or negative for these families. The researcher also wanted to explore and describe the influence of COVID-19 on the developmental milestones of children within middle childhood functioning and development. The researcher used a qualitative research approach and purposively selected six parents or caregivers who had taken care of children in middle childhood during the COVID-19 pandemic, to participate in the study. All of the participants lived in the same city in Gauteng South Africa, and they were interviewed face-to-face using a semi structured interview schedule. The transcriptions of the interviews were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis thematically analyses. The study received ethical clearance from the University of Pretoria Humanities ethics Committee, and adhered to considerations such as written informed consent, confidentiality, reflexivity and positionality, non-maleficence or deception, and a decolonial ethical approach. Key findings for this study were that all these families had great difficulties to overcome, very little support was provided, most participants were very lonely and experienced great levels of stress regarding their children’s schooling and development. But it was also found that that families became aware of their strengths and found that they were resilient. They found that relationships became stronger, and more purposeful. It is recommended by the researcher that similar studies are needed, in different age groups. To compare what the experiences was families with children in different age groups. As a country, better disaster management should be followed in terms of providing in basic needs. As a social work system, support for families in the system can be provided in terms of providing knowledge and education on topics that is of concern. Key words: Social Work; middle childhood; families; caring; COVID-19
Social work services with children in difficult circumstances living in remote areas in Zimbabwe. The case of Mutare district
(University of Pretoria, 2024-02-19) Smith, Linda; ecnyasha@gmail.com; Mushunje, Fungai
Social services appear to be more concentrated in urban areas of Zimbabwe, with little or no social work activities in remote parts of the country. Orphans and vulnerable children living in remote areas face high rates of child abuse, neglect, poverty, child headed households, hunger and lack of access to social services. They experience a severe lack of resources with little or no social work, so Zimbabwe can be said to be lagging behind the UN Millennium Development Goals on children's rights. The main goal of the study was to explore and describe the views of teachers and community members about the challenges facing orphans and vulnerable children living in remote areas of Mutare district. The study used qualitative applied research using non-random purposive sampling to recruit five teachers from two local schools in Mutare district and a snowball technique to recruit nine community members from the study population. The researcher conducted face-to-face semi-structured interviews with five teachers and a focus group with nine community members. The research was based on developmental social work and human rights theoretical frameworks. The researcher followed a thematic data analysis process and ensured the quality and reliability of the results through triangulation of data collection methods and thick descriptions of the data. Some of the main findings of this study showed that many children in difficult circumstances face many vulnerabilities and structural problems such as poverty, hunger, sexual abuse, lack of shelter, disease and have very limited or no access to social services. This study drew some conclusions about the difficulties faced by orphans and vulnerable children living in remote areas of Mutare district such as high levels of poverty, child-headed households, hunger, child labour and severe lack of resources and services. The main recommendations of the study are that the Department of Social Development must be strengthened with the necessary resources to effectively respond to problems affecting orphans and vulnerable children living in remote areas of Zimbabwe.
The experiences of newly qualified social workers’ readiness in providing services to families and children in Gauteng
(University of Pretoria, 2023-12) Jordaan, Leanne; u14005702@tuks.co.za; Degenaar, Leoné
The readiness of newly qualified social workers (NQSWs) for practice appears to be a growing area of research, however, there is little focus on the perspectives and experiences of NQSWs’ readiness to provide services to families and children in the South African context. Therefore, research within the South African context specifically pertaining to NQSWs’ perceived work readiness to provide Social Work Services (SWS) to families and children is needed. The goal of this study was to explore and describe NQSWs’ experiences regarding their work readiness to provide social work services to families and children in Gauteng. Interpretivism as a research paradigm guided the applied research project operationalised through a qualitative research approach. An instrumental case study design was employed and the study population comprised NQSWs in the employ of organisations rendering SWS to families and children in the Gauteng Province. Purposive sampling was used to recruit seven participants for the study and data was collected to the point of data saturation. Semi-structured interviews with an interview schedule were utilised for data collection. The method of data analysis was thematic analysis with an inductive and latent approach for coding. To ensure that qualitative research is of the appropriate standard, trustworthiness is vital. The researcher, therefore, ensured trustworthiness with consideration of the study’s credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability. Ethical considerations that guided this study included avoidance of harm, informed consent, voluntary participation, no deception of participants, and anonymity and confidentiality. Key findings were based on the research question: “What are the experiences of newly qualified social workers providing social work services to families and children in Gauteng regarding their work readiness to provide these services?” Participants indicated that they did feel somewhat ready for work after graduating from university, however once they started working, they realised that they were not ready. Some participants, however, did not feel ready after graduating, especially if they did not have experience in the field of social work they were about to enter. Participants suggested that educators and organisations employing NQSWs should collaborate to equip them for the challenging transition period between graduating and entering the workforce. Participants identified systemic challenges which included: lack of resources, high caseloads, lack of support from the Department of Social Development as well as difficulties working in collaboration with other organisations or systems providing services to families and children. Recommendations for the social work profession concerning the work readiness of NQSWs in rendering SWS to families and children include practical guidelines for social work education and practice, also the roles and responsibilities of organisations employing NQSWs. Recommendations for future research emphasise the need for South African based research.
The experiences of newly qualified social workers’ readiness in providing services to families and children in Gauteng
(University of Pretoria, 2023-12) Jordaan, Leanne; clarissalmul@gmail.com; Muller, Clarissa Lynette
Newly qualified social workers' (NQSWs) preparedness for practice appears to be a growing area of research. Little attention has however been paid to the viewpoints and experiences of NQSWs' regarding their preparedness to serve families and children in South Africa. In order to deliver Social work services (SWS) to families and children, NQSWs' perceived job preparedness has to be explicitly studied within the South African setting. The goal of this study was to explore and describe NQSWs’ experiences regarding their work readiness to provide SWS to families and children in Gauteng. A qualitative research approach was utilised to conduct this study and the interpretivist paradigm was used to explore the experiences of NQSWs providing SWS to families and children. Applied research was conducted in this study with an instrumental case study design, and the study population consisted of NQSWs employed by organisations in Gauteng rendering services to families and children. Key findings were based on the research question: “What are the experiences of newly qualified social workers providing social work services to families and children in Gauteng regarding their work readiness to provide these services?” The findings of this study included that most NQSWs did not feel ready to provide certain services to families and children upon graduating, and a lack of practical experience was highlighted. After a few months in practice, however, their readiness improved. Upon entering the workplace, the participants found a multitude of challenges including high caseloads, a lack of resources, a lack of knowledge and skills, and challenges when working with external stakeholders.
Caregivers’ experiences on the effects of screen-time on social interactions of South African children in the intermediate phase
(University of Pretoria, 2023-12-13) Chiba, Jenita; jaseiler2020@hotmail.com; Seiler, Jacqueline
The exposure and use of digital devices and screen-time has become an integral part of families' lives (Anuradha, 2019:105). The COVID-19 pandemic restricted people’s movement and social interactions (October et al., 2021:221). The strict restrictions have contributed to a shift in where people became more reliant on technology to keep in touch with family and friends as well as employers moving to online platforms and systems for work purposes. Schools in South Africa also promoted online schooling in order to keep up with the school’s curriculum. With the restricted movements and the shift to online platforms for work and school, children’s social interactions were greatly impacted (Wiederhold, 2020:481). The research study aimed to explore and describe the experiences of caregivers on how screen-time affects the social interaction of their intermediate-phase children. A qualitative research design was used, which was exploratory, and used an interpretivist lens, this assisted in describing the unique perspectives of caregivers. Using an instrumental case study design, allowed the research to gain an in-depth insight into each case. In total six participants, comprised of caregivers were selected for the study using non-probability sampling, specifically purposive sampling. The participants were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide, which assisted the researcher in engaging in open and meaningful discussions with the participants. The study’s main conclusions revealed valuable insights into how caregivers and their children in the intermediate phase handle screen-time, education, and social interactions. The findings reveal that caregivers had a collective understanding of the definition of screen-time aligning with the literature. Caregivers actively set limits on screen-time acknowledging the importance of monitoring online experiences. COVID-19 increased screen-time posing challenges to social interactions. Despite some mainstream concerns about screen-time, most caregivers acknowledged that it was integral to everyday life, but more awareness could be taught around the differences between active and passive screen-time. A further finding was that parenting styles significantly influence screen-time and the various approaches impact how children engage with their devices. Lastly it was discovered that caregivers mainly felt responsible for education during online schooling.
The experiences of newly qualified social workers' readiness in providing services to families and children in Gauteng province
(University of Pretoria, 2023-12-08) Jordaan, Leanne; Chiba, Jenita; u14365554@tuks.co.za; Nkosi, Zinhle Melicia
Social work is a practice-based profession, which aims to provide various social work services to vulnerable groups who experience social ills. As Newly Qualified Social Workers (NQSW) enter the profession, they are exposed to various experiences regarding their readiness to render social work services to families and children. This study aims to address the lack of information regarding the work readiness of NQSWs in providing services to families and children from their experiential perspective. In addition, the literature review provides evidence that there are limited African research studies in this field, making this study even more relevant. The goal of the study was to describe and explore NQSWs’ experiences regarding their work readiness to provide social work services to families and children in the Gauteng province. The research followed a qualitative research approach, with interpretivism as a research paradigm that was underpinned by applied research. The research had a dual purpose, as it focused on exploring and describing the experiences of NQSWs readiness to provide services to children and families. An instrumental case study design was employed as it was informed by the case study design. The study population involved NQSW who provide services to children and families. Non-probability sampling was used, specifically purposive sampling, where 9 participants for the study were recruited, as this number of participants was found sufficient to reach data saturation. Semi structured interviews were used and guided by the interview schedule, as a data collection method. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis, using an inductive and latent approach for coding. To verify data, credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability of the study was used. The ethical considerations of the study included observing the ethical clearance from the University of Pretoria, as well as the avoidance of harm, voluntary participation, informed consent, no deception of participants, and confidentiality and anonymity. The key findings were based on the following research question: “What are the experiences of NQSW providing social work services to families and children in Gauteng regarding their work readiness to provide these services?” Participants alluded to their roles and responsibilities; the challenges that they experience through service delivery to children and families and the nature of support structures that they themselves follow and those that the employer implements for them. In addition, participants shared their experiences of work readiness and perceived omissions in knowledge that are expected and/or required by the employer. Recommendations for social workers, Higher Education Institutions (HEI), and related organisations to maintain or improve NQSWs’ readiness for providing services to families and children in Gauteng, include more exposure to different social work fields and the practical implementation of theory-based lectures. Recommendations for future research include placing an emphasis on the African perspective pertaining to competencies required by NQSWs for ensuring work readiness, exploring the factors that that hinder work readiness and to consider the transition process after graduating and then entering the workforce.
Children's perspectives on child well-being : a pathway to sustainable futures
(University of Pretoria, 2023-11) Lombard, A. (Antoinette); u20596465@tuks.co.za; Mutema, Beauty
Children’s well-being is a combination of their physical, mental, emotional and social health. Children have rights, including the right to participate in matters that concern their well-being. The social work profession is committed to promoting and improving children’s well-being by making sure their rights are protected while recognising that children have agency to contribute to social change. In South Africa, social workers utilise the developmental approach which recognises the importance of child participation to ensure positive outcomes for sustainable futures. The aim of the study was to explore and describe children’s perspectives on their well- being as a pathway to a sustainable future within the South African context. The theoretical framework which was used for the study was the ecological systems theory. The selected study design was a case study and more specifically instrumental case study. The qualitative research approach was employed, and the type of research utilised was applied research. The snowball sampling method was used to draw a sample of 10 children in their middle childhood between the ages of 8-12 years. The study participants were from Sunnyside, Region 3 of the City of Tshwane Municipality. Data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews guided by an interview schedule. The thematic analysis process was used to analyse the collected data. The findings of the study revealed that participants’ perceived child participation, in matters concerning them, as important. Child participation comprised being listened to, respected, and being given opportunities to complete tasks independently to build their competence and resilience. Participants were of the view that adults did not trust them enough to give them responsibilities that would promote their growth and development. The study concluded that child participation was important for the positive development of children and improvement of their well-being both in the present and the future. The study recommends that children’s agency be developed through participation and decision-making. Children’s participation must be recognised and valued by role players in all matters concerning them. Further research should investigate how children in the broader South African context are participating in promoting their own well-being and contributing to a better society.
Caring for children during COVID-19 : the experiences of South African families with children in middle childhood
(University of Pretoria, 2023-09-01) Prinsloo, Christina Elizabeth; Chiba, Jenita; charleneg560@gmail.com; Niemand, Charlene
COVID-19’s impact was so great that it impacted the entire world. The world we knew changed completely. People needed to isolate themselves in their homes for the first part of the lockdown. Only those who were within a profession regarded as essential were allowed to work. The South African Government enforced specific rules and regulations aimed at countering the infection rate of COVID-19. Social distancing, wearing masks in public, using sanitiser regularly, working from home, children receiving education from home, and not being able to visit someone in the hospital all became the new norm in South Africa. The full effect that COVID-19 had on the lives of individuals is still being studied as COVID-19, not only had an immediate effect on people but also affected them in the long run overall. Children are future adults and therefore it is crucial to raise them in such a way so that they can become responsible adults that will fit well within society. COVID-19 has set challenges for many families within South Africa which may have made it difficult for them to raise their children. The goal of this study was to explore the experiences of caregivers with children in middle childhood in their care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Caregivers are seen as anyone who has a child within their care, whether the child is their biological child or not. A qualitative research approach was used in this study which helped the researcher to collect as much in-depth information as possible about the experiences of caregivers with children in middle childhood in their care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data was gathered using semi-structured interviews which were guided by an interview schedule. Non-probability sampling was used as participants were not randomly selected. All the participants were clients of CMR-East Pretoria and fulfilled the requirements set out to take part in this study. Purposive sampling ensured that specific participants, who could provide relevant, information-rich descriptions of their experience were included. Six participants formed part of the study. The research is based on Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory and the Family Systems Theory which allowed for exploration and interpretation of the micro, meso, exo, macro, and chrono systems from a holistic point of view. The findings of this study imply that COVID-19 influenced the finances of families and the everyday functioning of households. It showed the importance of a strong support system to build resilience. The findings also gave a clear indication of participants' reaction to the COVID-19 rules and regulations that were set in place by the South African Government and the effect it had on caring for the children in middle childhood.
Caring for children during COVID-19 : the experiences of South African families with children in middle childhood
(University of Pretoria, 2023-12-08) Chiba, Jenita; Prinsloo, Reineth; u17077550@tuks.co.za; Burger, Chandre
ABSTRACT Caring for children during COVID-19: The experiences of South African families with children in middle childhood RESEARCHER: Chandré Burger SUPERVISOR: Dr. J Chiba DEGREE: MSW (Play-based intervention) INSTITUTION: University of Pretoria The effect of COVID-19 on the care of children in middle childhood is an under-researched phenomenon in South Africa. Family plays a vital role in the care and development of children. Due to the heavy restrictions during COVID-19, which included caregivers having to work from home, schools being closed, restricted movement of people and social distancing, families and children’s lives were changed. COVID-19 affected families and children’s wellbeing, thus the need to understand how caring for children in middle childhood during this time is of great importance. Exploring the experiences of families in South Africa, caring for children in middle childhood during the COVID-19 pandemic may assist the researcher in making area-specific recommendations for service delivery based on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory as well as the Family Systems theory. The goal of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of South African families caring for children in middle childhood, during the COVID-19 pandemic. An interpretivist qualitative research approach was used for an in-depth understanding of the holistic lived experiences of these families during the pandemic. An instrumental case study research design was used, as the researcher attempted to understand each case/family holistically, in order to explore the experiences of six families in South Africa, Gauteng. Semi-structured interviews were used to gather data from the participants, who have utilised the services of Kungwini Welfare Organisation, in Pretoria. An interview schedule assisted in guiding the interview. The study indicated that families caring for children in middle childhood, during the pandemic, had common positive and negative experiences. These families made use of specific resources during the pandemic and developed certain coping mechanisms that mitigated the effect of the pandemic on their family system. Reference is made to the developmental milestones of children in middle childhood as noted and understood by their caregivers. Caregivers were aware of the need to maintain their children’s developmental milestones and thus provided opportunities for this at home during the pandemic. The study indicated that not all experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic were solely negative. According to the research results, the experiences of the family systems in South Africa, vary wildly based on the availability of resources and support systems. It is recommended that services and social policy frameworks guiding services, be implemented for the inclusion of and quality service delivery to families with children in middle childhood, with specific focus on a pandemic. Furthermore, the training of social workers needs to be continuously refined to suit the needs of families with children in middle childhood specifically, the inclusion of the systems involved with families. Key Concepts: Care of a child Children in middle childhood COVID-19 Families Pandemic Caregiving
Women who commit murder : the public intellectual versus the court of public opinion
(University of Pretoria, 2024-02-12) Steyn, Francois; Sadiki, Lufuno; anikaespag98@gmail.com; Espag, Anika
Throughout history, women are often observed as being the victims of crime rather than the offender. Therefore, when women are the offenders of violent crimes, they tend to be observed as being abnormal, evil, bad or sad women. These perceptions often tend to cause tension between the public intellectual (an individual who is considered to be an expert in their field) and the court of public opinion due to the influence media has on public perception. The study aims to investigate the interaction between the public intellectual and the court of public opinion regarding the development and nature of labels used to describe women who commit murder as well as the tension between the two entities. The research that was conducted was qualitative research based on the subjectivism paradigm. Since there is a lack of study on the phenomenon, basic, exploratory research was conducted. Because the study made use of lived experiences and events, case studies were selected as the main research design. Two sets of participants, namely, female offenders and public intellectuals, were identified by making use of purposive, snowball and referral sampling. The online commentary was identified by selecting well-known South African murder cases where the offenders were women. Personal interviews were conducted in person, by email or via videocalls depending on the availability of the participants. Content and thematic analysis were used to analyse written data. A classification scheme was used to assist in the analysis of online data. The main findings of the study were that the public intellectual and the court of public opinion tend to have conflicting opinions as the public tends to be misinformed about female criminality, specifically women who commit murder. The main reason is that the public tends to be directly influenced by the media. Furthermore, negative media labels and perceptions tend to develop due to gendered expectations which directly influence the development of public perceptions. It is easier for the public to accept labels than it is for them to understand female criminality. It was also determined that women who commit murder often take on a celebrity role due to the sensationalism of female offenders. It is therefore evident that the media creates tension between the public sphere and the public intellectual regarding women who commit murder due to sensationalism, the need to sell their media and the media misinforming the public. The media is further responsible for developing and shaping public opinion on women who commit murder as the media tends to blur the line between fact and fiction of female offending. There is a need for more research on female offending as the public lacks knowledge regarding the phenomenon, which further accounts for the tension between the public and the public intellectual.
The Ford Resource and Engagement Centre (FREC) programme's contribution to mitigate poverty : perspectives from participants
(University of Pretoria, 2023) Claassens, Elmien; ntokoto1@gmail.com; Mokwena-Ngulele, Remembrance Welliminah
Poverty is multi-faceted and affects people's standard of living in all its different dimensions (UNDP, 2021). Therefore, different forms of capital (including human, natural, financial, social and physical capital) are needed for sustainable livelihoods (DFID,1999). The Ford Resource and Engagement Centre (FREC) programme, is one of the strategies that aims to mentor entrepreneurs and help them start or grow micro-businesses that can become self-sustainable and improved livelihoods.
Trauma-informed care : a programme for caregivers in child and youth care centres within the South African context
(University of Pretoria, 2023-08-31) Le Roux, M.P. (Liana); nanetgrobb@gmail.com; Van der Burgh, Nanet
There is growing apprehension about the quality of care provided to the vulnerable children residing in child and youth care centres (CYCCs). Children in CYCCs often have unique care needs stemming from their complex trauma histories, for which the child welfare system seemingly does not adequately prepare, train, and support its workforce. The multi-level systemic difficulties inherent to caregiving in the context of CYCCs may cause strain on the caregiver-child relationship and potentially leave caregivers overburdened and children deprived of appropriate care. Research recommendations in response to this phenomenon entail the provision of trauma-informed care (TIC) and TIC-related practices that are considered mutually beneficial to caregivers and the children in their care. Though several TIC models exist for application in CYCCs, they were generally developed in high-income countries. In developing training programmes, Allsopp (2022:241) highlights the necessity of “indigenisation of child and youth care work education” and orienting such training to the South African contexts. The goal of the research was, therefore, to design and develop a TIC programme for caregivers in CYCCs within the South African context, and was guided by the research question: How can a trauma-informed programme support caregivers in their role of caring for children in CYCCs within the South African context? The applied research study followed an intervention research design to develop a preliminary TIC programme to empower caregivers in CYCCs. The researcher used a qualitative approach to explore and describe the experiences of caregiving from the perspectives of multiple sources (20 children, 20 caregivers and 10 social workers/managers) from various contexts (four CYCCs). Guided by an interview schedule, the researcher conducted one-on-one semi-structured interviews with a purposively selected sample of 50 participants. Through thematic analysis, themes and sub-themes in the research findings supported by literature, informed the design and development of the TIC programme. A pilot test of the TIC training was conducted with 15 caregivers who attended the programme online and subsequently engaged in focus group interviews, guided by an interview guideline, to provide feedback on the TIC programme. The researcher used thematic analysis to analyse the qualitative data and present the research findings. The researcher diligently adhered to the ethical considerations throughout the research process. Developmental Systems Theory (DST) and Gestalt theory provided a conceptual and analytical structure that supported the research study and the interpretation of the findings, contributing to the credibility and validity of the research. The findings illustrated that caregiving experiences in CYCCs are influenced by the reciprocal interaction of multiple system-level variables, consistent with a DST perspective. The system-level variables that were perceived to impact the quality of caregiving in CYCCs include: 1) children in CYCCs whose comprehensive needs in terms of care require a profound understanding of their complex trauma histories; 2) caregivers who are overwhelmed by individual-, relational- and operational-level challenges; and 3) organisation-level policies and procedures, including recruitment, preparation, training, and support of caregivers which seem inadequately implemented. The researcher concluded that the TIC training programme may be significantly relevant to address the concerns about caregiving in CYCCs and have the potential to be mutually beneficial to caregivers and the children in their care by cultivating an environment that is responsive to trauma. Gestalt theory provides a conceptual framework to understand that change in one part of the system, such as caregivers’ knowledge of trauma, may effectuate change in other parts of the system, such as the children’s experiences of care or the CYCCs’ culture of care. The pilot test of the TIC programme indicated that caregivers perceived the TIC programme to be essential in the context of caregiving in CYCCs since it is relevant and helpful to understanding children and their behaviour in the context of their trauma histories. It was concluded that a TIC training programme may potentially empower caregivers with the knowledge and skills to provide trauma-responsive care for children in CYCCs within the South African context. Providing TIC training to caregivers who work at CYCCs is recommended as an initial step to empower caregivers for their significant role in providing quality care to children in CYCCs, consistent with Gestalt theory that accentuates awareness as the starting point for change. Since leadership in CYCCs plays an essential role in the successful implementation of organisation-wide TIC, it was recommended that leaders in policy formation and practice of child and youth care (CYC) adopt a TIC approach considering caregiving in CYCCs. Further research on the implementation of TIC is recommended.

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