Abstract:
Cancer immunotherapy with humanized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target co-inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules (ICMs) is the most meaningful advance in the management of malignant diseases in recent years. This has coincided with the acquisition of eloquent, cutting edge insights into the molecular mechanisms, which regulate cell–cell interactions that are fundamental to maintain a balanced, well-synchronized human immune system. These developments have also revitalized the practice of immunotherapy, especially the realization of novel immunomodulatory therapeutic modalities that have the potential to restore weakened anti-cancer immune responses.
