Abstract:
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 – the causative agent of COVID-19 – can be prevented through nonpharmaceutical
interventions such as observing proper hand hygiene using alcohol-based hand
rubs/sanitisers (ABHRs) as recommended by the WHO and local health authorities. However, this
recommendation has led to high demand for ABHRs and proliferation of sub-standard products, which
do not contain the recommended amount of alcohol. Fifty products of different origins and formulations
obtained off-the-shelf and in public places in and around Pretoria (South Africa) were analysed for their
alcohol content using gas chromatography. Ethanol was the most common alcohol used in the products,
followed by isopropanol. Only 21 (42%) of the products analysed contained at least 70% alcohol; of
these only 14 (28%) met the WHO recommended 80±5% alcohol content to have a virucidal effect on
SARS-CoV-2. Of the 41 commercial off-the-shelf products analysed, 27 (66%) contained less than 70%
alcohol in comparison to 13% of homemade products. Only 18% of gel products contained 70% alcohol,
compared with 47% for liquid-based products. Most of the products did not contain the appropriate or
correct declaration as recommended by the South African National Standards (SANS 289 and 490). The
proliferation of substandard ABHRs is of great public health concern and calls for stricter regulations and
enforcement in order to protect consumers, their rights and well-being during and post the COVID-19
pandemic period. However, in the interim, formulation of ABHRs using the WHO guidelines should be
mandatory, as such formulations, when made correctly, do have the required virucidal effect against
SARS-CoV-2.
SIGNIFICANCE :
• Commercial, off-the-shelf and public hand sanitisers were analysed to determine whether they contained
enough alcohol to be efficacious virucides as recommended by the WHO.
• The majority of the products analysed were substandard, did not contain the recommended amount of
alcohols and were not labelled correctly according to local and international standards.
• Homemade products conformed to a greater degree to the WHO standards for alcohol-based hand
sanitisers. It is evident from these results that there is a need to monitor the manufacture of off-theshelf
products to ensure compliance and to assure consumers that products offer the required protection
against SARS-CoV-2.
