Modernism vs capitalism in the city of red sand and black gold : contemporary paradoxes in Luanda, Angola

Abstract

Anglo suffered from armed conflicts for four decades. During this period, the territory had been "forcibly urbanised." In fact, an estimated sixty percent of the population is now living in cities. These informal settlements of social and economic misery were built by internally displaced people who had been attracted by the capital during the war years, mainly because it promised stability and economic security after the colonial war began in 1961.