A brief overview of hydrogen production and storage

Abstract

Given that the demand for hydrogen is predicted to grow by around eight times by 2050 compared to 2020, a number of factors may make it difficult to implement hydrogen applications successfully. Although storing hydrogen is still a major problem, it is seen to be one of the most promising alternative fuels replacing current fossil fuels. Technologies for hydrogen generation have emerged as a key component of the energy mix in a society that seeks to replace fossil fuels in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address other environmental issues. Hydrogen is a clean "green" fuel of interest that can help achieve aggressive goals for reducing greenhouse gas emissions between 2035 and 2050. Currently used in industrial application, hydrogen compression and liquefaction are energy-intensive processes because they require low temperature (253 °C) and high pressure (30–70 MPa). Since chemical hydrogen storage allows for the safe storage of hydrogen-rich molecules in ambient settings, it is a possible substitute. Even though there are several molecules that are thought to be hydrogen transporters, some of them lackviable prospects for widespread commercialization. The present status of development of important areas of hydrogen production and storage technologies is reviewed, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each technique in relation to cost, efficiency, safety, and storage capacity. The safety implications of different H2 storage methods have received particular attention because safety issues are one of the main obstacles to the widespread use of H2 as a fuel source. This study also identifies the main obstacles and possibilities that the commercialization and development of hydrogen storage technology must overcome, such as the requirement for better materials, better system integration, and greater acceptability and awareness. From the reviewed literature, we have learned that when the challenges and constraints that are involved with the storage and production of hydrogen are adequately addressed, hydrogen will emerge as the first reliable source of energy. Secondly, thorough research on correct hydrogen processing designs will give an indication on the correct costing of these systems thus aiding in the minimization of operational and maintenance expenditures. Lastly, suggestions for further study and advancement with emphasis on bringing these technologies closer to commercial feasibility are reported. Therefore, policymakers, researchers, and scientists could utilize this review as a roadmap to help shape the future of hydrogen.