Adapted full-face snorkel masks as an alternative for COVID-19 personal protection during aerosol generating procedures in South Africa

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Authors

Herselman, Ronel
Lalloo, Vidya
Ueckermann, Veronica
Van Tonder, Daniel Johannes
De Jager, Edwin John
Spijkerman, Sandra
Van der Merwe, Wanda
Du Pisane, Marizane
Hattingh, Fanie
Stanton, David

Journal Title

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Volume Title

Publisher

Elsevier

Abstract

INTRODUCTION : SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in increased worldwide demand for personal protective equipment (PPE). With pressure from ongoing epidemic and endemic episodes, we assessed an adapted snorkel mask that provides full-face protection for healthcare workers (HCWs), particularly during aerosol-generating procedures. These masks have a custom-made adaptor which allows the fitment of standard medical respiratory filters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fit, seal and clinical usability of these masks. METHODS : This multicentre, non-blinded in-situ simulation study recruited fifty-two HCWs to don and doff the adapted snorkel mask. Negative pressure seal checks and a qualitative fit test were performed. The HCWs completed intubation and extubation of a manikin in a university skills training laboratory, followed by a webbased questionnaire on the clinical usability of the masks. RESULTS : Whilst fit and usability data were generally satisfactory, two of the 52 participants (3.8%) felt that the mask did not span the correct distance from the nose to the chin, and 3 of 34 participants (8.8%) who underwent qualitative testing with a Bitrex test failed. The majority of users reported no fogging, humidity or irritation. It was reportedly easy to speak while wearing the mask, although some participants perceived that they were not always understood. Twenty-one participants (40%) experienced a subjective physiological effect from wearing the mask; most commonly a sensation of shortness of breath. DISCUSSION : A fit-tested modified full-face snorkel mask may offer benefit as a substitute for N95 respirators and face shields. It is, however, important to properly select the correct mask based on size, fit testing, quality of the three-dimensional (3D) printed parts and respiratory filter to be used. Additionally, HCWs should be trained in the use of the mask, and each mask should be used by a single HCW and not shared.

Description

APPENDIX A. SUPPLEMENTARY DATA. APPENDIX B. Fig. B1: A. The SEAC Libera full face snorkel mask, and B. The Mares Sea Vu Care full face snorkel masks, used in this study. Fig. B2: Adapter for A: SEAC Libera Med+ mask and B: Mares Sea Vu Care. Fig. B3: Clear-Guard 3 Breathing Filter used in this study. APPENDIX C. Intubation and extubation checklists. APPENDIX D. Comparison of the different snorkel masks. APPENDIX E. Google form to determine clinical usability of the full-face snorkel mask.

Keywords

Full-face snorkel mask, N95 alternatives, Personal protective equipment (PPE), Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), COVID-19 pandemic, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

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Citation

Herselman, R., Lalloo, V., Ueckermann, V. et al. 2021, 'Adapted full-face snorkel masks as an alternative for COVID-19 personal protection during aerosol generating procedures in South Africa', African Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 11, pp. 436-441, doi : 10.1016/j.afjem.2021.08.002.