Induction of cell death and regulation of autocrine vitamin D metabolism in cervical cancer by physiological and GI20 doses of 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol

Abstract

Vitamin D and its metabolites exert anti-cancer properties in various cancers; however, their effects on cervical cancer remain largely unexplored. To investigate this gap, we exposed HeLa adenocarcinoma cervical cells to physiological and the growth inhibition 20% (GI20) concentration of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, the precursor hormone of active 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. We then assessed its impact on cell health, and the expression of the genes and proteins involved in the activation and catabolism of vitamin D at the cellular level by autocrine vitamin D metabolism via the vitamin D metabolizing system (VDMS). Cell health was evaluated by crystal violet and alamarBlue assays, while cell cycle progression and apoptotic cell death markers were assessed by flow cytometry. Gross morphology and ultrastructure were observed using brightfield microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Gene and protein analyses of the autocrine VDMS were assessed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. Our findings reveal that 25(OH)D3 inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in HeLa cervical cells in a dose-dependent manner through the autocrine upregulation of CYP27B1 and VDR. These autocrine effects most likely promote the bioactivation of 25(OH)D3 and intracellular signaling of pro-apoptotic genomic pathways by liganded VDR. Furthermore, the upregulation of CYP24A1 at GI20 treatment likely increases the catabolism of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3, and therefore may mitigate the anti-cancer action of the high-treatment dose. In summary, 25(OH)D3 holds immense potential as a complementary therapeutic treatment for cervical cancer.