Evidence-based guidelines for the post-fire assessment of domestic ruminants : a scoping review

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Publisher

BioMed Central

Abstract

Wildfires globally impact farmers, with risk expected to rise in the next thirty years. Beyond fatalities, wildfires impair the reproductive capabilities of surviving livestock due to smoke exposure. Effective interventions require considering animal welfare, prognosis, and costs. Enhanced clinical assessment is crucial. There is a paucity of data concerning decision-making processes regarding burn injuries in livestock. This study establishes evidence-based guidelines for wildfire-affected ruminants in field settings. The goal is categorizing scientific evidence to create prognostic guidelines. English and Spanish publications from Web of Science, Medline, and Google Scholar were searched using keywords related to burn injuries, disaster management, and animal welfare. A research matrix was populated based on inclusion criteria and evidence strength, leading to the development of visual triage guidelines for sheep and cattle. Most evidence comprises case reports (expert opinion) and observational trials. Ovine controlled trials in the 80 s and 90 s significantly advanced burn injury understanding in humans and animals. Key clinical factors determining burn severity include burn extent and depth, anatomic location, and smoke inhalation. Core non-clinical factors implicated in decision-making include feed, water, and shelter, amongst others. Animal categorization by burn severity creates a model for prioritising resources towards animals with the best recovery chances, protecting animal welfare.

Description

DATA AVAILABILITY : The review matrix file is available upon request to the corresponding author.

Keywords

Ruminants, Burns, Triage, Prognosis, Welfare

Sustainable Development Goals

SDG-02: Zero Hunger
SDG-03: Good health and well-being

Citation

Cardoso, C.L., May, C.E. & Leask, R. Evidence-based guidelines for the post-fire assessment of domestic ruminants: a scoping review. BMC Veterinary Research 21, 223 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-025-04666-3.