Prevalence of early childhood caries in Africa : a systematic review

Abstract

BACKGROUND : The prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) continues to increase. It is recognised as a public health concern, particularly in developing countries. Early childhood caries has numerous adverse effects on children’s growth and overall well-being. Despite the global burden of ECC, data from Africa remain limited, varied and are based on inconsistent diagnostic criteria and study methodologies. AIM : The aim was to perform a systematic review to ascertain the prevalence of ECC in children across Africa between January 2000 and March 2025. MATERIALS AND METHODS : A systematic literature search of peer-reviewed articles published in English between January 2000 and March 2025 was conducted using multiple databases, including PubMed, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, AFRICA-WIDE INFO, African Journals Online (AJOL) and CINAHL. Prospero Registration: CRD42018112161. RESULTS : A total of 70 studies, representing 58 644 participants from 13 African countries, were included in the review. The overall prevalence of ECC was 37.9% (95% CI: 31.2–44.6), with variations observed among countries and urban/rural settings. The mean dmft score was 1.98 (95% CI: 1.86–2.10). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION : The prevalence of ECC varies considerably across the African continent. This could be due to differences in education, access to dental care and human resources among countries and regions.

SUMMARY Why this paper is important to pediatric dentists ○ Provides critical prevalence data for informed intervention. ○ Highlights disparities and identifies priority populations. ○ Supports advocacy for standardised care and policy reform.