Development of a high-performing, cost-effective and inclusive Afrocentric predictive model for stroke : a meta-analysis approach

dc.contributor.authorNweke, Martins C.
dc.contributor.authorOyirinnaya, P.
dc.contributor.authorNwoha, P.
dc.contributor.authorMitha, S.B.
dc.contributor.authorMshunqane, Nombeko
dc.contributor.authorGovender, N.
dc.contributor.authorUkwuoma, M.
dc.contributor.authorIbeneme, S.C.
dc.date.accessioned2025-08-29T08:10:03Z
dc.date.available2025-08-29T08:10:03Z
dc.date.issued2025-07
dc.descriptionDATA AVAILABILITY : The review data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 1 : Appendix 1: Pubmed Pilot Search Strategy. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 2 : Appendix 2: Risk factors excluded on the basis of number of time reported. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 3 : TABLE 5: Hypertension as a risk factor of stroke in Africa: evidence from cohort and case control studies. TABLE 6: Diabetes as a risk factor of stroke in Africa: evidence from cohort and case control studies. TABLE 7: Alcohol as a risk factor of stroke in Africa: evidence from cohort and case control studies. TABLE 8: Smoking as a risk factor of stroke in Africa: evidence from cohort and case control studies. TABLE 9: Physical inactivity as a risk factor of stroke in Africa: evidence from cohort and case control studies. TABLE 10: Obesity as a risk factor of stroke in Africa: evidence from cohort and case control studies. TABLE 11: Added table salt as a risk factor of stroke in Africa: evidence from cohort and case control studies. Table 11: Stress as a risk factor of stroke in Africa: evidence from cohort and case control studies. TABLE 12: Meat consumption as a risk factor of stroke in Africa: evidence from cohort and case control studies. TABLE 13: Monthly income as a risk factor of stroke in Africa: evidence from cohort and case control studies. TABLE 14: Age as a risk factor of stroke in Africa: evidence from cohort and case control studies. TABLE 15: Cardiac causes as a risk factor of stroke in Africa: evidence from cohort and case control studies. TABLE 16: Dyslipidemia as a risk factor of stroke in Africa: evidence from cohort and case control studies. TABLE 17: HIV as a risk factor of stroke in Africa: evidence from cohort and case control studies. TABLE 18: Gender as a risk factor of stroke in Africa: evidence from cohort and case control studies. TABLE 19: Education as a risk factor of stroke in Africa: evidence from cohort and case control studies. TABLE 20: Family history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) as a risk factor of stroke in Africa: evidence from cohort and case control studies. TABLE 21: Low consumption of green vegetable as a risk factor of stroke in Africa: evidence from cohort and case control studies. TABLE 22: Hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor of stroke in Africa: evidence from cohort and case control studies. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 4 : Appendix 4: CAPMS 1. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 5 : Appendix 5: CAPMS 2.
dc.description.abstractBACKGROUND : Predicting stroke risk is critical for preventive interventions. Most validated prediction models do not include data from African populations and may not be appropriate for the region. Relying solely on statistical significance to identify predictors may compromise algorithm performance. Also, some of the existing models include expensive biomarkers that are unsuitable for resource-limited settings. This study aims to develop a cost-effective and inclusive Afrocentric predictive model for stroke (CAPMS). METHODS : We conducted a meta-analysis following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol and searched the PubMed, Scopus, African Journal, Medline, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases. We included case‒control and cohort studies reporting stroke risk factors and their estimates among African populations. Titles and abstracts were independently screened. Meta-analyses were performed using Comprehensive Meta-analysis version 3. RESULTS : More than 50% of the eligible studies examined both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. More than 20 stroke risk factors were identified in Africa, with 18 eligible for meta-analysis. Homocysteine (risk weight [Rw] = 13.9, risk stability index [Ri] = 0.67), hypertension (Rw = 5.6, Ri = 0.94), and cardiac events (Rw = 3.1, Ri = 0.8) were the strongest independent predictors. Low green vegetable consumption (Rw = 2.4, Ri = 1.0), stress (Rw = 1.76, Ri = 1.0), and hypertension were the most clinically responsive risk factors. All risk factors/biomarkers except homocysteine cost between $2.8 and 12.2, indicating cost-effectiveness. A critical risk point of 12.7 was set at the 90th percentile. The cumulative Rw and costs for CAPMS 1 (20 and $1.2–4.6) and CAPMS 2 (22.4 and $6.5–17.3) indicate high performance and cost-effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS : Targeted screening via the CAPMS 1 and CAPMS 2 models offers a cost-effective solution for stroke screening in African clinics and communities. Immediate validation of the CAPMS is needed to evaluate its performance, feasibility, and acceptability in the region. REGISTRATION : The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023430437).
dc.description.departmentPhysiotherapy
dc.description.librarianhj2025
dc.description.sdgSDG-03: Good health and well-being
dc.description.sponsorshipA postdoctoral fellow with the Department of Physiotherapy, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
dc.description.urihttps://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com
dc.identifier.citationNweke, M., Oyirinnaya, P., Nwoha, P. et al. Development of a high-performing, cost-effective and inclusive Afrocentric predictive model for stroke: a meta-analysis approach. BMC Neurology 25, 282 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-025-04229-x.
dc.identifier.issn1471-2377 (online)
dc.identifier.other10.1186/s12883-025-04229-x
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/104056
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherBioMed Central
dc.rights© The Author(s) 2025. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
dc.subjectCost-effective and inclusive Afrocentric predictive model for stroke (CAPMS)
dc.subjectStroke
dc.subjectCardiovascular disease (CVD)
dc.subjectPrediction
dc.subjectSecondary prevention
dc.subjectAfrica
dc.titleDevelopment of a high-performing, cost-effective and inclusive Afrocentric predictive model for stroke : a meta-analysis approach
dc.typeArticle

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